Lead zirconium titanate

Outside of catalyst preparation, reaction of sucrose with metal nitrates has been used to prepare nanocomposite mixed oxide materials. Wu et al. [46] reported the synthesis of Mg0-Al203 and Y203-Zr02 mixed oxides by reaction of nitrate precursors with sucrose. The resulting powders had smaller particles than those prepared without sucrose. Das [47] used a similar method in the presence of poly vinylalcohol to produce nanocrystalline lead zirconium titanate and metal ferrierites (MFe204, M = Co, Ni, or Zn). The materials prepared using sucrose had smaller crystallites than those made without. Both authors observed an exothermic decomposition of the precursors during calcination. 

Piezoelectric inkjet is currently the technology of choice for most emerging industrial applications. In this technology, a piezo crystal (commonly lead zirconium titanate) undergoes distortion when an electric field is applied, and this distortion is used to mechanically create a pressure pulse that causes a drop to be ejected from the nozzle (Fig. 3). There are many variations of piezo inkjet architectures including tube, edge, face, moving wall, and piston. 

Monophosphate tungsten bronzes with pentagonal tunnels NASICON = Sodium super ionic conductor NLO = Nonlinear Optical PLZT = Lead lanthanum zirconium titanate PZT = Lead zirconium titanate SBT = Strontium Bismuth Tantalate, SrBi2Ta209 SOFC = Solid oxide fuel cell TTB = Tetragonal tungsten bronze YAG = Yttrium iron garnet 3D = Three-dimensional TEOS = Tetraethylorthosilicate. 

Titanium is an element of considerable interest in materials science because of its role in technical electroceramics such as barium titanate and lead zirconium titanate, and in engineering ceramics (TiN, TiC) and glasses. Titanium compounds also play a role in establishing catalytic activity in microporous materials. Despite the practical interest in Ti compounds, there have been relatively few NMR studies of this nucleus because of experimental difficulties, some of which are associated with the properties of its two NMR-active nuclei, which both have moderately large quadrupole moments Q in the... 

Lead zirconium titanate (PZT) is the most common material used for piezoelectric actuators. 

Typical fillers carbon black, silica, barium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, zeolite, copper powder... 

The properties of piezoelectric ceramics are modified when voltage is applied to them, making them useful as sensors and buzzers. For example, lead zirconium titanate is a piezoelectric ceramic used to provide muscle action in robot limbs in response to electrical signals. 

Sintered ceramics made of lead-zirconium titanate (PZT Pb(Tii jZr,)03 x S 0.5) are usually used for phoioacoustic experiments [105, 106]. The unit cell of the lead-zirconium titanate has a perovskite structure. Below the Curie temperature (328 °C for the PZT-4 (Vemitron) used by us [24]), the cells are tetragonally deformed, i.e., positive and negative charges are shifted and electric dipole moments are produced. In analogy to ferromagnetism, domains with randomly distributed polarization direction are formed. By the application of an electric field, these can be orientated in a preferred direction, and the sintered polycrystalline ceramic is then remanently polarized. The properties of these anisotropic piezoelectric materials are described by various parameters which depend on the polarization and deformation direction. In the common terminology, the < ordinate system shown in Fig. 3 is obtained for the cylindrical piezoelectric crystals [24]. 

PZT - lead zirconium titanate NTC - negative temperature coefficient... 

The heart of an acoustic emission system is the sensor. The sensors are usually made of piezoelectric ceramic material such as PZT (lead zirconium titan-... 

PVDF polyvinylidenfluoride PZT lead zirconium titanate FLCEl piezoelectric effect by compression perpendicular to the polar axis, planar alignment FLCE2 electroclinic effect in homeotropic films FCLCE3 electroclinic effect in stretched film with planar alignment BCFLCE fiexoelectric effect on bent-core material... 

On an absolute scale, a comparison of FLCEs with crystalline (or semicrystalline) materials like polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF) and ceramic materials like lead zirconium titanate (PZT) is necessary. These have much larger polarizations (see Table 1). However, their elastic modulus is also much higher (in the gigapascal range). 

Additives used in final products Fillers barium titanate, calcium carbonate, carbon black, carbon black coated with conductive polymer, copper powder, hafnium powder, lead zirconium titanate, silica, tantalum powder, titanium dioxide, zeolite, zinc sulfide plasticizers adipic polyester, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, glyceryl tributyl-ate, tricresyl phosphate Antistatics carbon black, glycerol monooleate ... 

Matsuzaki K., Aral D., Tanabe N., Mukaiyama T., Ikemura M. Continuous silica glass fiber produced by sol-gel process. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 1989 112 437-441 Meyer Jr. R., Shrout T., Yoshikawa S. Lead zirconium titanate fine fibers derived from alkoxide-based sol-gel technology. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1998 81 861-868 Mizuno T., Phalippou J., Zarzyeki J. Evolution of the viscosity of solutions containing metal alkox-ides. Glass Technol. 1985 26 39-45... 

Lead hydroxy metal hydrazine carboxylate hydrates decompose exothermically to carbonate hydrazine intermediate, followed by an exotherm to form respective oxides such as lead zirconium titanate (PZT) and lead lanthanum zirconium titanate PLZT, as one can see from Figure 4.4. 

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