Zinc, air, primary

Another interesting nickel-based system is the nickel-hydrogen cell, a hybrid system similar to the zinc-air primary cell described in Section 2.3.1, under Zn-based systems . The cell and its reaction are ... 

R. A. Putt and G. W. Merry, Zinc-Air Primary Batteries, Proc. 35th Power Sources Symp., IEEE, 1992. 

Metal-air and fuel cells are not discussed in detail in this book. A brief discussion follows in which the characteristics of zinc-air primary cells are eompared with those of other types of primary eell. Details are also given of zinc-air button cells. 

Other alkaline primary cells couple zinc with oxides of mercury or silver and some even use atmospheric oxygen (zinc—air cell). Frequendy, zinc powder is used in the fabrication of batteries because of its high surface area. Secondary (rechargeable) cells with zinc anodes under development are the alkaline zinc—nickel oxide and zinc—chlorine (see Batteries). 

Wastewater is generated in the primary zinc and primary cadmium recovery subcategories by acid plant blowdown, which results from sulfuric acid recovery, air pollution control, leaching, anode/ cathode washing, and contact cooling. The streams may contain significant concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, and zinc. Tables 3.26 and 3.27 present classical and toxic pollutant data for the primary zinc and primary cadmium subcategories. 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

D—Leclanche Zinc anode Carbon, silver chloride, and air Primary and secondary Zinc—air batteries, carbon—zinc batteries, and silver chloride-zinc batteries... 

A series of primary zinc-air cells are developed with capacity ranging from 100 Ah to 3300 Ah and nominal currents ranging from 2 A to 50 A. Technologies for the production of the air electrodes, porous zinc electrodes and for the assembling of the cells are elaborated. Some of the developed zinc-air cells are in production since 1981. 

High power primary zinc-air cells are also developed with nominal current 20A -v 40A and capacity in the range 100 Ah -v 320 Ah. Typical application of these powerful zinc-air cells is as easy activated reserve power supply. These cells also can be successfully used for traction. 

In Fig. 17 we have presented the current-voltage and the power characteristics of 12-cells battery from the cells type ZV300. It must be reminded that, when the zinc anode in the primary zinc-air cells is discharged, the cell is out of operation. By this, the air electrodes, which in principle can operate for a long time, are lost. In order to avoid this inconvenience, mechanically rechargeable zinc-air cells were developed [14]. The essential feature of the mechanically rechargeable zinc-air cell is that the air electrodes are used many times. 

A variety of primary zinc-air cell and batteries are designed with capacity ranging from 100 Ah to 3300 Ah, operating at nominal currents from 2 to 40A at temperatures in the range +40 -t- -40°C. Mechanically rechargeable zinc-air cell are also developed and tested in experimental electric cars and scooters. 

The primary zinc—air cells have captured the hearing aid market, but the rechargeable zinc—air battery is still in the developmental stage. 

As well-known, Mn02 finds wide-spread applications in the classical Leclanche cell in which, put simply, Zn is oxidized to ZnO by Mn02. Zn is a cheap anode material which is also employed in the Zn-air battery.7 This intriguing battery concept represents a primary battery but exhibits similarities with a fuel cell.63 64 69 Table 6 gives an overview on zinc-based primary elements. 

High power primary zinc-air cells are also developed with nominal current 20A 40A and capacity in the range 100 Ah 320 Ah. Typical... 

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