Xanthophylls canthaxanthin

E161 Xanthophylls, Canthaxanthin 192 E315 Erythorbic Acid 264... 

In a novel application, carotenoids were separated on commercially available silica Chromarods P-carotene and other nonsaponflable lipids were chromatographed with a nonpolar mobile phase (light petroleum chloroform acetone, 89.5 10 0.5), and a more polar mobile phase (light petroleum chloroform 2-propanol, 50 40 10) was then used to resolve the xanthophylls canthaxanthin, lutein, violaxanthin, and neoxanthin (103). Quantitation was obtained by flame ionization detection, using methyl tetracosanoate as internal standard the working range was 0.6 to 5 pg P-carotene. The Chromarods themselves can be cleaned and reused. 

There are basically two types of carotenoids those that contain one or more oxygen atoms are known as xanthophylls those that contain hydrocarbons are known as carotenes. Common oxygen substituents are the hydroxy (as in p-cryptoxanthin), keto (as in canthaxanthin), epoxy (as in violaxanthin), and aldehyde (as in p-citraurin) groups. Both types of carotenoids may be acyclic (no ring, e.g., lycopene), monocyclic (one ring, e.g., y-carotene), or dicyclic (two rings, e.g., a- and p-carotene). In nature, carotenoids exist primarily in the more stable all-trans (or all-E) forms, but small amounts of cis (or Z) isomers do occur. - ... 

Tanaka, T. et al., Suppression of azoxymethane-induced rat colon carcinogenesis by dietary administration of naturally occurring xanthophylls astaxanthin and canthaxanthin during the post-initiation phase, Carcinogenesis, 16, 2957, 1995. 

Carotenoids are a group of more than 750 naturally occurring molecules (Britton et al. 2004) of which about 50 occur in the normal human food chain. Of these, only 24 have, so far, been detected in human plasma and tissues (Khachik et al. 1995), with only six molecules being abundant in normal human plasma (for chemical formulas see Figure 13.1). Carotenoids are subdivided into two main classes the carotenes, cyclized (e.g., P-carotene) or uncyclized (e.g., lycopene) hydrocarbons, and the xanthophylls, which have hydroxyl groups (e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin), keto-groups (e.g., canthaxanthin), or both (e.g., astaxanthin) as functional groups. 

Legally, carotenoids are divided between two E numbers. El60 covers the carotenoid hydrocarbons P-carotene, lycopene and paprika as well as the apo-carotenoids, e.g. bixin. E161 covers the xanthophylls and the carotenoids lutein, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. 

Tanaka, T. et al., Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Cancer Res., 55, 4059, 1995. 

Carotene Standard RR. See Carotene P-Carotene. See Cl 40800 Cl 75130 Carotene all trans-P-carotene-3,3 -diol p,p-Carotene-3,3 -diol. See Zeaxanthin P, -Carotene-3,3 -diol. See Xanthophyll P-Carotene-4,4 -dione. See Canthaxanthine P,P-Carotene-4,4 -dione. See Cl 40850 Carpenter 22Cr-13Ni-5Mn. See Stainless steel Carpolene. See Carbomer 934P Carpronium chloride... 

The color of the yolk, which is produced by carotenoids in the feed, is considered to be a quahty characteristic. Normally, xanthophylls (cf. 3.8.4.1.2) are absorbed from the feed, preferably lutein, followed by luteinmono- and diester, 3 -oxolutein and zeaxanthin. The color of the yolk can be intensified by the appropriate feed composition. The substances available dissolved in an oil are, e. g., 3- zp6>-8 -carotene ethyl ester, citranaxanthin (5, 6 -dihydro-5 -apo- -caroitm-6 -one, Formula 11.5) and canthaxanthin. 

Egg yolk and shell colours are important aspects of egg quality in many countries. Egg yolk pigmentation is a complex process influenced by many factors, such as nutrition, carotenoid source, health, egg handling and storage. Egg yolk contains as the main pigments the same xanthophylls and carotenes that occur in the depot fat of hens. The most abundant pigment is lutein/zeaxanthin, followed by p-cryptoxanthin and -carotene and other carotenes occurring in the feed (such as canthaxanthin and P-apo-8 -carotenal). The amount of p-carotene is low (0.3 1% of total carotenoids), as this carotene is quickly metaboKsed. 

Canthaxanthin (P,p-carotene-3,3-dione) is also found in some beetle species and occurs as the major pigment in flamingo feathers, along with astaxanthin and other minor xanthophylls, such as phoenicoxanthin, (3-hydroxy-P,P-carotene-3,3-dione),phoeni-copterone (P,6-carotene-4-one) and echinenone. 

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