X bacteriophage

Fig. 2. The structure of M13 (fd), according to Makowski [10,35], and X bacteriophage, showing the proteins which have been tested or implemented in phage display. The phage are both oriented so that their feet , which they use for attachment to, and penetration through, the cell membrane, are at the top of the diagram. The M13 proteins are numbered with roman numerals. X (lambda) proteins are designated alphabetically, i.e. pV is protein Vee not five, and pD is protein Dee not fifty.

Finally, in transduction, the transfer of recombinant non-viral DNA to a cell is achieved by a virus. This is the method of choice for the introduction of recombinant X bacteriophages and cosmids into E. coli cells. 

X Bacteriophages (replacement only) 7-22 E. coli Shotgun cloning... 

Lost DNA. The DNA of a deletion mutant of X bacteriophage has a length of 15 ULm instead of 17 xm. How many base pairs are missing from this mutant ... 

Figure 3. Schematic representation of steps involved in cloning with X bacteriophage vectors, cos, cohesive ends of X DNA B, BaniHl E, Ec<9RI S, Sail kb, kilobase.

Anderson, W.F., et al. Structure of the Cro repressor from bacteriophage X and its interaction with DNA. 

Ohlendorf, D.H., et al. Comparison of the structures of Cro and X repressor proteins from bacteriophage X. 

The renaturation rate of DNA is an excellent indicator of the sequence complexity of DNA. For example, bacteriophage T4 DNA contains about 2 X 10 nucleotide pairs, whereas Escherichia coli DNA possesses 4.64 X 10 . E. coli DNA is considerably more complex in that it encodes more information. Expressed another way, for any given amount of DNA (in grams), the sequences represented in an E. coli sample are more heterogeneous, that is, more dissimilar from one another, than those in an equal weight of phage T4 DNA. Therefore, it will take the E. coli DNA strands longer to find their complementary partners and reanneal. This situation can be analyzed quantitatively. 

Yeast (Saeeharomyees eerevisiae) has a genome size of 1.21 X 10 bp. If a genomic library of yeast DNA was constructed in a bacteriophage A vector capable of carrying 16-kbp inserts, how many indi-... 

Cre is a bacterial recombinase (cre=causes recombination), which recognizes loxP sites of bacteriophage P. If two loxP (loxP= locus of x-ing over of bacteriophage P) sites have a parallel orientation, the DNA segment between these sites will be deleted by the action of the Cre recombinase. 

D Souza, D. H. and Su, X. (2010). Efficacy of chemical treatments against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and MS2 bacteriophage. Foodbome Pathog. Dis. 7, 319-326. 

An essential feature of the cloning vector used is that it must be capable of self-replication in the cell into which it is introduced, which is usually E. coli. Two of the most commonly used types of vector in conjunction with E. coli are plasmids and bacteriophage X. Plasmids are circular extra-chromosomal DNA molecules, generally between 5000 and 350 0000 bp in length, that are found naturally in a wide range of bacteria. They generally house several... 

All the above-mentioned proteins have single-stranded folds based on solenoidal windings of one polypeptide chain. Recently, however, several triple-stranded /1-helices (alternatively, triple-stranded /l-solenoids ) have been described in bacteriophage tail proteins (Kanamaru et al., 2002 Smith et al., 2005 Stummeyer et al., 2005 van Raaij et al, 2001). In these structures, three identical chains wind around a common axis and their coils have an axial rise of 14.5 A, that is, 3 x 4.83 A (for details see Sections IV and V.D). In this chapter, triple-stranded /l-solenoids will be abbreviated as TS /l-solenoids, while the term /1-solenoid, if not otherwise qualified, will apply to the predominant group of single-stranded /l-solenoids. 

Yang, X., Lee,J., Mahony, E. M., Kwong, P. D., Wyatt, R., and Sodroski.J. (2002). Highly stable trimers formed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins fused with the trimeric motif of T4 bacteriophage fibritin. J. Virol. 76, 4634-4642. 

The determination of M by LS involves several experimental procedures, each of which has some error associated with it. A typical breakdown of errors is the following due to Jolly and Campbell174 in relation to their value of M = 3.1 x 106 6% for superhelical DNA from bacteriophage 0X174 —... 

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