Wurtz, Charles Adolph

Shortly thereafter but independently of Kekule Archibald S Couper a Scot working m the laboratory of Charles Adolphe Wurtz at the Ecole de Medicine m Pans and Alexan der Butlerov a Russian chemist at the University of Kazan proposed similar theories... 

The offending papers were published almost simultaneously in 1874. Although they were completely independent of one another and argued in very different ways, they arrived at the same conclusions. Yan t Hoff had studied in the Netherlands, then worked for a while under Kekule in Germany. Then he worked in Charles-Adolphe Wurtz s laboratory in Paris, where he met Le Bel. Le Bel had studied at the Ecole Polytechnique, the great French scientific and technical school that trained technical officers for the army. 

In Paris Cleve visited the research laboratory of chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884). The laboratory was unique in Europe in its attraction of young chemists, and here Cleve made many friends. Wurtz drew Cleve s attention to complex metal compounds. At age twenty-one Cleve published his first research paper on a complex chromium compound he had prepared and analyzed. In this paper he demonstrated that the compound was chromium trichloride-ammonia-water (in a 1 4 1 ratio). He later turned to the study of complex platinum compounds, of which he prepared hundreds. In 1872 Cleve, now thirty-two years old, published the results of this study in the Transactions of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 

Ethylene glycol was first prepared in 1859 by the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884). Wurtz s discovery did not find an application, however, until the early twentieth century, when the compound was manufactured for use in World War I (1914-1918) in the manufacture of explosives and as a coolant. By the 1930s, a number of uses for the compound had been found, and the chemical industry began producing ethylene glycol in large quantities. 

Ethylene glycol and ethylene oxide are first prepared by French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz. 

In this mixed reaction phenylbenzene (CgHjCgHj) and ethane (CH3CH3) are also produced by side reactions. The Wurtz reaction is named for the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-84) and the Fittig reaction is named for the German organic chemist Rudolph Fittig (1835-1910). 

Earlier, in 1848, the French chemist Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-84) had studied a group of compounds related to ammonia and called, therefore, amines. He showed they belonged to a type with a nitrogen nucleus. In ammonia a nitrogen atom was bound to three hydrogens. In amines organic radicals replaced one or more of these hydrogens. 

French chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz (1817-84). The analogous reaction using a haloalkane and a haloarene, for example CeHsCl -r CH3CI -r 2Na 2NaCl C6H5CH3... 

Friedrich Kekule was a student of architecture who was so impressed by Liebig s lectures that he decided to study chemistry. Couper was a Glasgow philosophy student in his late twenties when he became interested in chemistry and went to Paris to study. He worked in the laboratory of Charles Adolphe Wurtz, an eminent chemist and early investigator of the ammonia type. While at Wurtz s laboratory early in 1858 Couper wrote a paper entitled On a New Chemical Theory that probably contained the first statement about the tetravalence of carbon and its chain-forming ability. Couper asked Wurtz to help him have his paper read at the French Academy of Sciences, but Wurtz was not a member of the academy (all papers had to be sponsored by a member), so there was a delay while he secured the cooperation of a member. A few months later a paper by Kekule appeared in print stating the same ideas. Couper was so upset that he raged at Wurtz and ended up being dismissed from the laboratory. Dumas was persuaded to sponsor Couper s paper, and it was finally read on June 14, 1858. 

Charles Adolph Wurtz (Strasbourg, 26 November 1817-Paris, i2May 1884), a schoolfellow of Gerhardt in Strasbourg, studied medicine in the university... 

Charles Adolphe Wurtz and August Kekule further improved the process in 1867. The sulfonation route was developed to technical maturity in particular by Bayer and Monsanto. The first stage in the synthesis is the sulfonation of benzene with sulfuric add, generally using a 100% excess of sulfuric acid. In the second stage, the sulfonation product is neutralized with sodium hydroxide or sodium sulfite. The resulting benzenesulfonate, in solid form or as a concentrated aqueous solution, is heated with sodium hydroxide at temperatures of 320 to 340 °C, in cast-iron pans. The alkaline sodium phenolate solution is neutralized ( saturated ) with CO2 or, in the Monsanto process, with SO2. When the water has been distilled off substantially pure phenol with a crystallizing point of 40.5 °C is obtained. 

While Frankland was evolving his theory of combining power, the new type theory was making its appearance. The primary amines methylamine and ethylamine had been prepared in 1849 by Charles Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884), and he recognised that these compounds were related to ammonia. The work was continued by August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818-1892), who in 1851 prepared primary, secondary and tertiary amines and also quaternary ammonium salts. He classified these as belonging to the ammonia type (Figure 8.5). 

Erench chemist Charles-Adolphe Wurtz develops a method... 

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