Writing citing references

By this time, we had found that the addition of matting agents, such as silica, would improve the tooth of the paper—i.e., it would accept ink or pencil writing. We soon realized that we had lucked out, and had put together a new product that filled a market need. Had all these requirements been presented to us before we started our research, we would probably not have succeeded with so complex a task. A triumph for pragmatism From this point, technology advances were primarily in coating as reported in the cited references. 

At the time of this writing, over 15,000 references cited the use of Texas Red for labeling biological molecules or in bioconjugate detection applications. 

In recent years no truly new basic principles have been introduced for the detection of luminescence. However, the technical evolution in the field of microelectronics and optoelectronics, charge coupled device (CCD) detectors, fiberoptics, assembly techniques, and robotics resulted in the introduction on the market of new generations of instruments with increased performance, speed, and ease of handling. In this chapter, some of their typical features will be reviewed. To keep this presentation at a concrete level and to illustrate some specific item, instruments of different makes will be referred to. However, this does not imply they are better than those not cited. It is more a matter of availability of recent documentation at the time of writing. Note that numerical values cited typically relate what can be done today and may vary from one instrument to another from the same company. 

The theory developed permits spectral line shift and width to be calculated from Taylor power series for interatomic potential energies in a concrete system. Various methods of tackling this problem can be found in the literature140,169,171,176 180 (see also survey 181 and references cited therein). Here we invoke a realistic model for the coupling of two mutually perpendicular vibrations which was reported by Burke, Langreth, Persson, and Zhang.1 As in Ref. 1, write the Hamiltonian for the interaction between the modes uh and w, in polar coordinates r and 6, where 6 is the angle between the adsorbate bond and the perpendicular to the surface plane ... 

In his comments on Section 2.3.2, the Commentator writes ...the equilibria between ions and esters are well known... , but the reference [10] which he cites is almost entirely concerned with the ionisation of trityl compounds in highly polar media and is thus no help whatever. 

How do I cite an article rather than a book or What if the book lists an editor rather than an author If you are writing a paper for a particular class or professor, be sure to ask him or her what style of documentation he or she would prefer you to follow. Often, the professor will tell you or list specific style manuals that you can use for reference. 

The first suggestion to make your writing more concise is to eliminate the names of scientists and the titles of their works from your sentences. (If relevant, this information is included in the references, so it is redundant to repeat it in the text.) The authors of the six key articles in this textbook followed this advice more than 125 articles were cited in their Introduction sections, but authors names appeared only once What this means, then, is to make the science the subject of your sentences. Consider the following examples ... 

Excerpt flD, from the REP for the NSF Collaborative Research in Chemistry (CRC) Grant, begins with a description of the program, which identifies the purpose of the grant and eligibility requirements. That description is followed by Full Proposal Instructions, which provide step-by-step guidance for writing three major divisions of the proposal Project Summary, Project Description, and References Cited. Read excerpt IID and answer questions a-h. 

After selecting a topic for your research proposal (refer back to the Writing on Your Own task in chapter 11), you are ready to begin your review of the literature. Find and read at least four papers in your research area. As you identify papers that you are likely to cite in your proposal, begin compiling your References Cited section. (See chapter 17.)... 

Throughout this book, the author has presented numerous examples. However, his purpose has never been to write a comprehensive review of the field or to recount the historical development of organic ion radical chemistry. The examples, selected from of a large number, were to a large extent chosen to describe not species but phenomena. Such an approach made it impossible to reference all the papers dealing with the organic chemistry of ion radicals or even to cite all the good papers. 

Howard Brenner Let me give a simple example of this, that derives from the generalized Taylor dispersion theory references cited in my previous comments. Think of a tubular reactor in which one has a Poiseuille flow, together with a chemical reaction occurring on the walls. One can certainly write down all the relevant differential equations and boundary conditions and solve them numerically. However, the real essence of the macrophysics is that if one examines the average velocity with which the reactive species moves down the tube, this speed is greater than that of the carrier fluid because the solute is destroyed in the slower-moving fluid streamlines near the wall. Consequently, the only reactive solute molecules that make it... 

Referencing is a complex subject (see Chapter 14 of this volume). Every reference in the field cannot be cited, or the reference list would become intolerably long. However, important ideas and experiments must be cited. The introduction and discussion sections of a manuscript should be absolutely clear as to what the work of others has contributed to the research being reported. If data are presented that have been previously published, this should be clearly indicated. Direct quotations of more than a few words should be indicated by quotation marks and referenced. Paraphrases of quotations also should be referenced. Plagiarism—taking the writings or ideas of another and passing them off as one s own—of any type represents unethical conduct. 

Collate all references at the end of the manuscript in numerical order if cited by number and in alphabetical order if cited by author. Do not include items in the reference list that are not cited in the manuscript. Check the publication for which you are writing. Some publications do not allow multiple references to be listed as one numbered entry they prefer that each numbered entry include only one unique reference. 

In spite of the wealth of information contained therein, as of this writing there are no citations to this 1995 compilation of Whitaker, which is a useful resource for reference powder diffraction patterns of many organic colorants, polymorphic and non-polymorphic. This may be due to the fact that it was published in a specialist monograph or that subsequent workers would use and cite the primary sources cited by Whitaker. Whatever the reason, it appeared to be of some benefit and convenience to the reader to compile here those primary references to polymorphic materials that are designated as colourants by the Colour Index, with the primary sources given by Whitaker. Whitaker also presents references for many other related dye materials that have not received such a designation. 

In the mature economic writings Marx almost never returns to the interest-explanation of religious belief. Rather we find several, mutually inconsistent position-explanations of the various forms of Christianity. To facilitate the discussion I shall first cite the relevant passages, enumerated for ease of reference ... 

Exposition refers to prose whose primary purpose is giving information. Some familiar examples of expository writing include encyclopedias, dictionaries, news magazines, and textbooks. In addition, much of your own college work may be classified as exposition book reports, political analyses, laboratory and business reports, and most essay exams, to cite only a few of the possibilities. 

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