World Market in

The depressed prices of most metals in world markets in the 1980s and early 1990s have slowed the development of new metal extraction processes, although the search for improved extractants continues. There is a growing interest in the use of extraction for recovery of metals from effluent streams, for example the wastes from pickling plants and electroplating (qv) plants (276). Recovery of metals from Hquid effluent has been reviewed (277), and an AM-MAR concept for metal waste recovery has recentiy been reported (278). Possible appHcations exist in this area for Hquid membrane extraction (88) as weU as conventional extraction. Other schemes proposed for effluent treatment are a wetted fiber extraction process (279) and the use of two-phase aqueous extraction (280). 

Table 4. Supply and Demand of Oxalic Acid in tbe World Market in 1992, tons...

The world market in 1993 was about 450,000 t. Sodium peroxoborate is made commercially by Atochem, Ausimont, Caffaro, Degussa, Eka Nobel, Foret, L Air Liquide, Solvay Interox (Belgium, Italy, Germany, United Kingdom, United States), and Treibacher Chemische Werke. The U.S. price in 1994 was in the range 1.32—1.43/kg, the German price was DM 1.35—1.60/kg ( 0.78—0.92/kg). 

Batteries, both primary and secondary, have become very big business indeed, which moreover is growing rapidly. Salkind (1998) in a concise overview of the entire domain of battery types and technologies, estimates that in 1996, the world market in the two types of battery combined totalled ss 33 billion dollars, and that the ratio of secondary to primary battery sales is steadily edging upwards. In spite of its poor charge density per unit mass, the lead-acid battery still accounts for more than a quarter of the total, because it costs so much less than its rivals and lasts well. 

This second-generation histamine HI receptor blocker was put on the world market in the 1980s for the relief of symptoms associated with seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria [14], Janssen Pharmaceuticals marketed this dmg under the brand name Hismanal. The major benefit of these antihistamines was their... 

D-p-Hydroxyphenylglycine is an important component of certain semi-synthetic antibiotics such as the semi-synthetic cephalosporins cefadroxil and cefatrizine and the semi-synthetic penicillin amoxicillin, with a combined world market in excess of 3 x 10 /a. Synthesis was possible from DL-5-monosubstituted hydantoins (cyclic ureides of amino acids) provided that a selective D-hydantoinase could be found, which would be competitive with chemical methods. 

The backbone of African societies is agriculture. Most African farmers first produce to feed their own families, and second produce for the national and world market. In general, soils are poor and fertility is easily lost by bad practices. In Ghana, for example, soil fertility is always threatened by human activities like tree felling, bushfires and stray animals (Figure 1). 

There are several thousand known minerals in nature (with estimates ranging from 2,000 to 7,000), but fewer than a hundred are considered gem minerals. Of these, only about a dozen or so are actually valuable enough to be important gemstones on the world market. In order to be considered a gemstone, a mineral must first of all be beautiful. In addition, it must be hard and durable. Its value increases if it is also rare. 

International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO (2006) World Markets in the Spice Trade - 2000-2004. ITC, Geneva, vi + 111 p. 

According to Bhat (2000), the world market in 1995 for industrial enzymes was above 1.0 billion U. S. dollars, where 20% was attributed to cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase sales. This market increased to around 1.6 billion in 2000 and 2.0 billion in 2005. Presently, it is estimated at 4 billion U. S. dollars, 60% of which is for industrial enzymes (Costa et al., 2007). The world demand for enzymes is expected to rise 6.5% annually, to nearly 5.1 billion U. S. dollars, in 2009, according to the market researcher Freedonia Group (www.fredoniagroup.com). In this context, hydrolases represent 75% of the industrial enzymes, and carbohydrases are the second largest group of industrial enzymes. On a worldwide level, industrial enzymes are produced in Europe (60%) the balance is from the U. S. A. and Japan (40%). 

PPG has been pushed back to second world position with 450 million liters. But with its 100 percent stake in France s Corona and its controlling share in Italy s IVI and in Germany s Wiilfing, the U.S.-based PPG has maintained a comfortable technological lead in the application of cataphoresis in automobile bodies, accounting for 60 percent of the world market in this specialty. 

Close on the heels of IFF is the Unilever group, which developed in the field through acquisitions. After consolidating in 1983 its three perfume and flavor subsidiaries—PPL, Food Industries, and Bertrand Freres—to form PPF International, the group acquired a foothold in the U.S. market in 1984 with Norda. Three years later it merged PPF with Holland s Naarden, which was on the decline. Called Quest International (Unilever) the new company accounts for over 7 percent of the world market in its area. 

The earliest commercial sulfur came from limestone deposits, of which those in Sicily and the Italian mainland developed world markets in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Traditional mining methods were used to pro-... 

The world market in 1986 for permanent magnets was about 2 billion with a growth rate of about 10% per annum. By the end of 2000, the world market for permanent magnets was probably about 5 billion. As the market matures, NdFeB magnets will have a market of about 2.5 billion or so available to it. 

The first patent on HIPS, a blend of synthetic rubber and transparent polystyrene, was granted in Great Britain as early as 1912. The first graft copolymerization of styrene in the presence of rubber was carried out by Ostromislensky [5]. The decline in the demand for styrene monomer and styrene-butadiene rubber and the simultaneous availability of natural rubber on the world market in the late 1940s drove the development of styrene copolymer processes. 

If the products are grouped according to the therapy classes, the top ten pharmaceuticals accounted for 31 percent of the total world market in 2002. Cholesterol and triglyceride reducers, antipsychotics, oral antidiahetics, and erythropoietins are growing fastest, with antipsychotics and oral antidiahetics sales each up to 30 percent (Table 10.2) [2a]. 

Ostwald expanded Berzelius explanation by stating that catalysts were substances that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed. In over 150 years since Berzelius work, catalysts have come to play a major economic role in the world market. In the United States alone, sales of process catalysts in 1996 were over 1 billion, the major uses being in petroleum refining and in chemical production. 

The impact of World War II replicated that of World War I the German producers lost patents and facilities, as well as positions in world markets in both pharmaceuticals and chemicals, but not their organizational capabilities. Both Bayer and Hoechst quickly returned to North America. BASF had not focused on pharmaceuticals before the war, and made minimal investments in the postwar years. 

Theta Reports. 1775 Broadway, Suite 511, New York, NY 10019, U.S.A. Phone +1 212-262-8230, Fax +1 212-262-8234. E-mail lschacterle thetareports.com. URL http // www.pjbpubs.com/theta/index.htm. Theta Reports, a division of PJB, has been an independent publisher of market research reports for the healthcare sector since 1970. They focus exclusively on the pharmaceutical, biotech, medical device, and diagnostics industries, gathering their information via primary research and industry interviews. They also offer a customized research and analysis service. Theta Reports offer good coverage of world markets in addition to... 

Summarizing, the first printed electronics products are already available and many more are at the doorstep of the world market. In the future, printed electronics will be everywhere. 

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