World antimony

Antimony is a metalloid element, or a semimetal, its chemical behavior being between those of metals and nonmetals. It is a substance that was known in the ancient world. Antimony sulfide was used as cosmetic eye paint in ancient Egypt, and artifacts composed of almost pure antimony have been found at archaeological sites. Pure antimony is silvery gray and metallic-looking. If antimony is melted and then allowed to crystallize, it manifests a characteristic pattern known as the star of antimony. 

Antinony Oxide is a white, odorless, fine powder. It is usually produced by roasting ores such as stibnite (antimony sulfide) or by oxidizing antimony metal. The principal ore deposits in the world are found in China, South Africa, Bolivia, Mexico and CIS (formerly USSR). China has been the dominant supplier of the world s antimony raw materials in the 1980 s and early 1990 s. However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, CIS has begun to play a more important role in the world antimony market. 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

World reserves of antimony (5) ate estimated to be from 4—5 million metric tons. Approximately 80% of the world s reserves are located in China, Bohvia, Russia, Thailand, the RepubHc of South Africa, and Mexico China has the world s largest reserves. The United States possesses only 2% of the world s reserves. Most of the antimony produced in the United States is from the complex antimony deposits found in Idaho, Nevada, Alaska, and... 

Table 1. 1988 World Production Capacity for Antimony and its Compounds, t...

Semimetal that occurs as a tin-type, brittle form and as a yellow, unstable, nonmetallic form. Its main use is in alloys to harden other metals. Without the addition of antimony, lead would have remained the "softy" of the Periodic Table. But with antimony, lead ruled the print world and later found use in the production of rechargeable batteries. It can be found in older ceramic glazing (yellow orange). Everyday encounters antimony sulfide in match heads and red rubber, antimony oxide is used as a flame retardant. Pure antimony is starting to become of interest in the electronics sector. 

CHLORINATED PARAFFIN AND ANTIMONY OXIDE. The demands Of the armed forces in World War II for a fire retardant, waterproof treatment for canvas tenting led to the development of a combination treatment containing a chlorinated paraffin (CP), antimony oxide and a binder... 

Miller A process for purifying and removing silver from gold by passing chlorine gas through the molten metal, covered with borax. The silver forms silver chloride, which floats to the top. Bismuth, antimony, and arsenic are eliminated as their volatile chlorides. Developed by F. B. Miller at the Sydney Mint in Australia in 1867 and soon in world-wide use. 

U.S. imports by class and country, 3 49t world mine production, reserves, and reserve base, 3 42t Antimony (III) acetate, 3 65 Antimony alloys, 3 41-56 compositional ranges, 3 52t process metallurgy, 3 44-47 selenium and metallurgy of, 22 98 uses of, 3 51-54... 

In addition, the estimated deposits of nonferrous metals, including tin, antimony and tungsten, are said to be among the world s largest. Agricultural production, when modernized, will certainly increase greatly. The expression "wubo" has come to be widely used in China. 

Antimony - the atomic number is 51 and the chemical symbol is Sb. The name derives from the Greek, anti + monos for not alone or not one because it was found in many compounds. The chemical symbol, Sb, comes from the original name, stibium, which is derived from the Greek stibi for mark , since it was used for blackening eyebrows and eyelashes. The name was changed from stibium to antimonium to antimony. The minerals stibnite (Sb2S3) and stibine (SbHj) are two of more than one hundred mineral species, which were known in the ancient world. 

PVC plastic is the largest end user of phthalates and a significant end userfororganotins and brominated flame retardants with antimony. A phase out of PVC therefore directly reduces use of these hazardous constituents. Alternatives to PVC vary and must be assessed on their chemical profile. Greenpeace has charted the move to PVC alternatives over the last few years and has compiled an extensive database of PVC restrictions world-wide, which is available on line. ... 

Bukowiecki N, Lienemann P, Hill M et al (2009) Real-world emission factors for antimony and other brake wear related trace elements size-segregated values for light and heavy duty vehicles. Environ Sci Technol 43 8072-8078... 

Stibnite is one of the few minerals that seem to undergo fermentation similar to making wine, but at higher temperatures. The resulting liquid is known as the Vinegar of Antimony or the pure Fixed Spirit of Antimony, and is nearly a Universal Menstruum for the Mineral world as well as a powerful medicine for internal and external use. 

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