Deposition estimates

Heavy cmde oil is widely distributed, and it is difficult to estimate reserves separate from normal cmde oil reserves or from tar sands deposits. Estimates of petroleum reserves frequendy include a large heavy oil component, which can only be produced at significantly higher cost than light oil. 

Figure 1.64. Ages of formation of Neogenie ba,se-metal vein-type, Au-Ag vein-type and Kuroko deposits, estimated from K-Ar age and paleontologic data (Shikazono, 1987b).

Figure 1.100. Typical /coj-temperature ranges for Au-Ag-rich, Pb-Zn-Mn-rich, and Cu-Pb-Zn-rich vein-type deposits estimated from gangue mineral assemblages, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions, and thermochemical calculations (Shikazono, 1985b).

Temperatures of formations of the Te-type and Se-type epithermal gold deposits estimated from fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures (Shikazono et al., 1990)... 

Deposition Estimate per unit area using emission/deposition matrices, corrected for forest filtering... 

The results employing daytime dry deposition estimates from the surrogate collectors are given in Table 4 these estimates presuppose that the five days are representative. While rain accounted for some 60% of the NO3" deposition, dry deposition of HNO3 in the absence of dew appears also to be important. This similar to the estimate made by Huebert (22) in the Illinois experiment that HNO3 dry deposition accounted for 48% of the NC - wet/dry deposition. For SO deposition, rain is again the dominant medium however, the dry deposition of SO2 may also be important. The contributions of dry-deposited aerosol nitrate and sulfate, not listed in Table 4, were small (about 5%) at the site. 

Short term (0.5 to 3 y) accretion rates have been estimated by extrapolation from sedimentation taking place over 25 y periods or longer [200]. Dy and Sm radioisotopes have been used for direct measurements over short accretion periods without interfering with natural wetland biological and physical processes. This application in wetland sedimentary studies estimates yearly changes and obviates problems of wetland deposition estimates which occurred many decades ago [201]. 

Divertor erosion/co-deposition estimates in ITER are based on the RE-DEP/WBC code package [98-100]. Power fluxes as well as plasma particle fluxes (i.e., D-T ions and atoms, and impurities such as helium and carbon)... 

Nitrogen fluxes (in Tg N year ) are reported for contemporary conditions, with estimates under pristine conditions indicated in parentheses. Flux of nitrogen delivered from rivers and estuaries is the direct input of rivers that discharge onto the continental shelf plus the riverine input into estuaries, minus nitrogen consumed in estuaries. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition estimates in this table are those directly onto the waters of the continental shelf and do not include deposition onto the landscape (which is part of the flux from rivers and estuaries). The flux from the deep ocean represents the advection of nitrate-rich deep Atlantic water onto the continental shelf Data in this table are from Howarth (1998). 

Ebinghaus R. and Kruger O. (1996) Emission and local deposition estimates of anthropogenic mercury in North Western and Central Europe. In Global and Regional Mercury Cycles Sources, Fluxes and Mass Balances. NATO ASl Series 2. Environment (eds. W. Baeyens, R. Ebinghaus, and O. Vasihev). Kluwer, Boston, vol. 21, pp. 135-159. 

Canada and Australia are the world s largest producers of uranium. All Canadian production is from rich deposits in the Athabasca basin of northern Saskatchewan among those is the McArthur River mine, which has the world s largest high-grade deposit, estimated at 1.52 X 10 t of uranium from ore grading 15-18% uranium. These unconformity -type Saskatchewan deposits, which are also the principal deposit-type for Australian uranium production, contain mainly uraninite [UO2] with associated coffinite [U(Si04)i jc(0H)4j and brannerite [(U,Ca,Y,Ce)(Ti,Fe)206] (Plant et al, 1999). The chief uses of uranium are in nuclear power plants and weaponry. 

The calculated values of deposition of atmospheric nitrogen to each region are described in detail for the global scale and for individual domains in various papers (Prospero et al, 1996 Dentener et al, 2000). The authors presented modeled estimates of wet and dry deposition of oxidized (NOy) and reduced (NH ) forms of nitrogen. The resolutions vary from 2.5° x 3.25° LoLa (Latitute-Longitude) for oxidized nitrogen to 10° X 10° FoFa for ammonia species. These deposition estimates are based on a complex model of nitrogen emissions, transformation in atmosphere, transport and deposition. 

Berg, T., O. R set and E. Steinnes Moss (Hylocomium splendens) used as biomonitor of atmospheric trace element deposition estimation of uptake efficiencies, Atmos. Environ. 29 (3) (1995) 353-360. 

Erisman, J. W. (1993b) Acid deposition onto nature areas in the Netherlands Part II. Throughfall measurements compared to deposition estimates, Water Air Soil Pollut. 71, 81-99. 

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