Working interface

In Scheme 2.2b interface Wj/M is the outer or working interface, and interface M/w2 is the inner interface (not a reference interface). 

Gaither CA. 1998b. An investigation of pharmacists role stress and the work/non-work interface. / Soc Admin Pharm 15 92. 

From the occupant s point of view, the ideal situation is an indoor environment that satisfies all occupants (i.e. they have no complaints) and does not unnecessarily increase the risk or severity of illness or injury. Both the satisfaction of people (comfort) and health status are influenced by general well-being, mental drive, job satisfaction, technical competence, career achievements, home/work interface, relationship with others, personal circumstances, organisational matters, etc, and last but not least by environmental factors, such as... 

Some electrochemical experiments, such as those involving rotating ring-disk electrodes and the scanning electrochemical microscope, require simultaneous control of two working interfaces. A device that will meet this demand is called a bipotentiostat. 

The control error in a fast experiment may be a transient problem existing only during brief periods of high current flow. Consider a step experiment on the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 15.6.1a, in which the working interface has only a capacitance representing the double layer. Even if an ideal control circuit exists so that e f is instantaneously stepped (from e.g., 0 V), there will be a lag in the true potential, because iR is nonzero while the double layer is charging. The actual relation (see Problem 15.8) is... 

However, the rise in potential at the working interface is governed by the exponential,... 

Other Ions in the System. Consider what happens to the potential of the reference interface if another ion is added to the nonaqueous phase. This experimental condition will arise from ion redistribution on the working interface. Iterative calculations account for the effect of the dye in the nonaqueous phase on the reference interface. The result shows that if the dye concentration changes from 10-2 to 10 6 mol/L while the supporting electrolyte concentrations are held constant at 0.01 mol/L, the interface experiences only a 1-mV change. This change is so small that for actual work the potential of this interface can be considered constant. 

The interface of experimental interest, the working interface, is labeled WI the constant potential or reference interface (vide supra) is labeled RI. The aqueous phase of the RI is 0.01-mol/L tetrabutylammonium chloride. The interfacial potential of the reference interface is poised by the concentration ratio of tetrabutylammonium, a constant concentration ion shared by both phases. The exact potential of the reference interface can be calculated using eq 1. The electrochemical cell is connected to an electric circuit via two Ag-AgCl electrodes imersed in an aqueous chloride solution. 

Figure 7. Relationship between interfacial potential and the logarithm of the initial DiOC/3) concentration in the nitrobenzene phase. Curve A shows the calculated potential of the working interface between 0.01 mol/L LiCl in water and 001 mol/L TBATPB in the presence of DiOC/3), with the reference interface potential subtracted. Curve B is the calculated potential of the reference interface between 0.01 mol/L TBACl in water and 0.01 mol/L TBATPB in nitrobenzene. The experimentally determined potential differences between the reference interface and the working interface are given for DiOC2(5) (O) and...

Cutting Temperature, Fig. 12 Tool-work interface temperature (Work AISI 1055, Cutting tool AI2O3, Depth of cut 30 pm)... 

In a later article by Krause titled Improving the Working Interface that appeared in the September 2001 issue of Occupational Hazards (p. 71), this is the opening sentence ... 

Under the caption Understanding the Working Interface, Krause said ... 

We call the interaction of these three factors—conditions, management systems, and what people do—the working interface. The working interface is essentially how the work is done, the place where conditions, procedures and behavior interact with each other. 

Frank E. Bird, Jr., and George L. Germain emphasized the importance of understanding the working interface for effective safety management in Practical Loss Control Leadership, first pubhshed in 1985. A second edition, from which the following text and exhibit are taken, was issued in 1996. 

Krause, Thomas R. Improving the Working Interface. Occupational Hazards, September 2001. 

Wheel-work interface models for ELID and conventional grinding. (From Zhang, C., Ohmori, H., Marinescu, I., and Kato, T., Int J Adv ManufTechnol, 18, 545,2001b. With permission.)... 

Foote, B. L. and K. G. Murty. 2009. Production systems. In Operations Research Applications, ed. A. R. Ravindran, Chapter 4. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. Frances, P. H. 2011. Averaging model forecasts and expert forecasts Why does it work. Interfaces. 41(2) 177-181. 

The primary goal of safety initiatives, whether at the site or corporate level, is to reduce the amount of exposure that occurs in the workplace—referred to as the working interface. While not all exposure is equal in terms of the severity potential, all incidents result from exposure to hazards. Reducing that exposure is the primary mechanism of safety improvement. 

Krause is also the author of Leading with Safety, published in 2005, in which he writes of leadership, organizational sustaining systems, safety-enabling systems, organizational culture, and the working interface. The latter is described as the interaction of equipment, facilities, procedures, and the worker. Krause also says that a combination of these factors creates or eliminates exposures to hazards. Remember, Krause has been a major player in worker-focused behavior-based safety. And he now writes this ... 

As LC-MS detectors get increasingly cheaper and smaller in size, these instruments should be used as often as alternative detectors. Due to new software programs, operation and control of these analyzers wiU be easy to handle. Development of simple but stable working interfaces that need less service time wiU make these combinations a good alternative to conventional detection modes, especially in cases of small sample volume. 

Therefore, the ultimate frequency of errors largely depends upon the skills and experience of the job incumbant, the task required, and the features of the work interface. These factors may, in fact, support immediate error compensation, which in turn depends on the observability and reversibility of the emerging unacceptable effects. 

The set of mechanisms that reduce or eliminate exposures to hazard in the working interface. Different organizations classify these mechanisms in different ways, but they usually include hazard recognition and mitigation, incident root cause analysis, training, regulations, procedures, policies, and safety improvement programs. 

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