Working distances, with microscope

The main characteristics of eyepieces are mag-niFication and type of correction, such as color compensation and correction of viewing angle. The correction of the condensers must match the properties of the lenses. Special or combined condensers are required for certain methods of contrast generation or for longer working distance with inverted microscopes. 

The laser is directed onto the sample via a focusing lens, which in modern day systems is usually a microscope objective, often that of a commercially manufactured instrument (e.g., Olympus, Leica, Nikon). Such an instrument allows a selection of objectives from the turret with varying magnification and numerical aperture and, for example, long working distances. With an objective... 

An industrial microscope with a long-working distance 20 X objective is used for the collection of the chromatic interference patterns. They are produced by the recombination of the light beams reflected at both the glass/chromium layer and lubricant/steel ball interfaces. The contact is illuminated through the objective using an episcopic microscope illuminator with a fiber optic light source. The secondary beam splitter inserted between the microscope illuminator and an eyepiece tube enables the simultaneous use of a color video camera and a fiber optic spectrometer. 

Photomicrographs of each material were taken with a Jeol JSM-5800 scanning electron microscope (SEM) (Jeol USA Inc., Peabody, Massachusetts, U.S.A.). The photographs were taken at a working distance of 10 mm, with an accelerating voltage of 5 to 10 kV. 

Unfortunately, the working distance for commercial stereo microscopes is rather short, and the microscope also does not accommodate readily the usual large glove box with a vertical or slightly inclined window. A single-chamber evacu-able dry box is available commercially which would appear to be satisfactory for crystal mounting and other operations in which the apparatus is not large.2... 

Hair fibers are mounted with double-stick tape on aluminum stubs, sputter coated with a 4 nm layer of gold, and examined at 20 kV at a working distance of approximately 15 mm in our hands on a Hitachi S3000N VP Scanning Electron Microscope (83). 

Microneedle puller micromanipulator and needle holder inverted microscope, preferentially equipped with both short (x 63 or X100) and long (x40) working distance phase objective lens glass capillaries ... 

A microscope with lO-IOOx magnification and a large working distance to allow for insertion of the DAC... 

Optical viewing microscope. A conventional optical microscope is needed to view the sample/beam position relationship. A handy instrument is the Optem 7 motorized transmission tube equipped with a long working distance objective (e g., Mitutoyo M Plan Apo lQx, 33.5 mm working distance) and color CCD camera (e g., Panasonic GP-... 

Two-photon laser-scanning microscopy system. We use a Leica SP5 inverted 5 channel confocal microscope see Note 1 and Fig. la), a Ti Sapphire laser (Spectra Physics) with a 10-W pump tuned to 810 nm, a 20x multi-immersion objective with long working distance (for example, Leica 20x 0.7NA), an incubation cube chamber (Life Imaging Services, Basel, Switzerland) (rrrNote 1 and Fig. lb). 

Microscope equipped with a long working distance condenser sufficient to accommodate perfusion chambers and lOx to 40x objectives. 

Inverted microscope Objective lens positioned beneath the specimen Live cells in transparent tissue culture flasks or well plates Lower resolution but long working distance, can be integrated with flow cells... 

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