Word-finding difficulty

The most common side effects include somnolence, dizziness, anorexia, headache, nausea, word-finding difficulties, oligohidrosis, modest weight loss, and irritability. Symptomatic kidney stones may occur in 2.6% of patients. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur in 0.02% of patients, and it should be used with caution if at all in patients with a history of allergy to sulfonamides. Monitoring of renal function may be advisable in some patients. 

Cognitive/Neuropsychiatric adverse events Use of zonisamide was frequently associated with the following CNS-related adverse events 1) Psychiatric symptoms, including depression and psychosis 2) psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration, and speech or language problems, in particular, word-finding difficulties and 3) somnolence or fatigue. 

Cognitive-related dysfunction (eg, confusion psychomotor slowing difficulty with concentration/attention difficulty with memory speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties). 

Weight loss, word-finding difficulties poorconcentration fatigue, emotional lability... 

Topiramate cognitive slowing, impairment of verbal memory, word-finding difficulties, reduced psychomotor speed (Sachdeo and Karia, 2002). 

Of 431 consecutive patients taking topiramate, 31 (7.2%) developed word-finding difficulties (642). This adverse event was not associated with a rapid titration schedule, but it correlated with the presence of simple partial seizures and left temporal epileptiform activity on the electroencephalogram, suggesting that there is a subgroup of patients with a specific susceptibility. 

Mula M, Trimble MR, Thompson P, Sander JW. Topiramate and word-finding difficulties in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 2003 60 1104-7. 

Topiramate Blocks glutamate (AMPA) receptors T GABA effects Partial seizures Sedation, ataxia, weight loss, word-finding difficulty, renal stones... 

Word-finding difficulty A case of escitalopram-induced word-finding difficulty in a 50-year-old depressed patient with no prior psychiatric or medical history was reported. Although the patient was commenced on both escitalopram and zolpidem at lOmg per day each,... 

Yang EIM, Lee WK, Chang SW, Chiu NM, Huang JH. Escitalopram-induced word finding difficulty. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013 35(1) 103 e5-6. Rohrs S, Geiser F, Conrad R. Citalopram-induced subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus - first case and review concerning photosensitivity in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012 34(5) 541-5. 

Late stage symptoms Language - significant word-finding problems poor verbal comprehension. Other - difficulty performing simple gestures inability to use common/familiar objects or routines. 

In a 2006 study of the psychosocial side effects experienced by twenty-one women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer, participants reported disruptions in word finding or naming, and articulation. One described this difficulty as almost like a thought... 

If you find difficulty in describing a written answer, provide a sketch or diagram this is sometimes much easier than using many words. Diagrams or sketches should always be labelled with as much detail as you can. Try to make your explanations as clear as possible and use technical terms correctly. Sketch graphs should have their axes labelled and the values of any important points should be shown on the axes, particularly the origin. 

Middle stage symptoms Language - difficulty in finding words and naming objects. Social - familial withdrawal purposeless overactivity. Other - poor judgement/insight lack of concern for the future inability in financial/professional matters social indiscretion. 

The rest Peter had not heard, but those few words, spoken by the passing lady on that day last summer, had suddenly recurred to his mind. St. Teresa s Orphanage, a home for children with bad parents who neglect or ill treat them. That was their case exactly, baby s and his. To St. Teresa s, then, they must go in search of a home. He was quite sure he could find it again. It was ever so far away, over on the other side of the city, but he remembered the way perfectly, and would have no difficulty in reaching the orphanage. 

Neuroglycopenic effects Headache, confusion, drowsiness, fatigue, difficulties in finding words, frequent yawning, anxiety, blurred vision, diplopia, and numbness of the nose, lip, and fingers. 

Comparison with the standard form for the chemical potential, p = p° + RT In a [Eq. 47 of Chapter 6], shows that in the ideally dilute solution activities are equal to mole fractions for both solvent and solute. In order to find the standard state of the solvent in the ideally dilute solution, we note that at xA = 1 (infinite dilution, within the range of applicability of the model), we have p = p. The standard state of the solvent in the ideally dilute solution is pure solvent, just like the standard states of all components in an ideal solution. The solvent in the ideally dilute solution behaves just like a component of the ideal solution. Although it is also true that p° becomes p at x, = 1, this is clearly outside the realm of applicability of Eq. (43). In order to avoid this difficulty, in determining p° we make measurements at very low values ofx, and extrapolate to x, = 1 using p = p, — RT In x as if the high dilution behavior held to x, = 1. In other words, our standard state for a solute in the ideally dilute solution is the hypothetical state of pure solute with the behavior of the solute in the infinitely dilute solution. 

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