Wool solvent extraction

Other techniques aimed at improving grease recovery (and often attempting also to improve the scouring process itself) have included solvent degreasing of the wool (52,53), solvent extraction of the Hquor or sludge (178), aeration (179,180), and physical and chemical destabilization (175). 

The samples for gramine analyses were frozen and macerated with 20 ml of MeOH NHi,0H (100 1 v/v). The extract was filtered through glass wool. Solvent and endogenous water were evaporated to dryness. The chlorophyllous residue was dissolved in 5 ml 0.1 M HCl, and the solution filtered (Whatman N°1 paper). The aqueous filtrate was adjusted to pH 9 with concentrated NHi,0H and shaken twice with... 

Chlorophyll. Chemically pure chlorophyll is difficult to prepare, since it occurs mixed with other colored substances such as carotenoids. Commercially it is solvent extracted from the dried leaves of various plants such as broccoli or spinach. Chlorophyll is water-iosoluble. It has none of the characteristics of a dye in that it has no aflinity for the usual libers such as cotton or wool. Chlorophyll is properly classified as a pigment tCI Natural Green 3 Cl 75810), As such. It finds use lor coloring soaps, waxes, inks. fats, or nils. Chlorophyll is an ester composed of an acidic pint, chlorophyllin, esterilied by an aliphatic alcohol known as phylol. Hydrolysis of chlorophyll using sodium hydroxide produces the moderately water-soluble sodium salts of chlorophyllin. phytol. and methanol. The magnesium in chlorophyllin may be replaced by copper. The sodium copper chlorophyllin salt is heat-stable, and is ideal for coloring foods where heat is involved, such as in canning. 

Synthetic dyes may be isolated, purified, or concentrated from foods or from extracts by wool-dyeing procedures column chromatography with polyamide ion-pair or solvent extraction reverse-phase cartridges or ion-exchange resins (157,159,168). These techniques are discussed next. 

Protein produced from solvent-extracted meal has been used as a thickening agent in soups, baby foods, high-protein foods, instimtional meals, and meat products. Groundnut proteins have also been used to manufacture a soft, wool-like, cream-colored fiber, adhesive products such as plywood glue and wettable glue, and for paper coating. 

Polyester/wool blends are very popular, the most common blend ratios are 55 45 and 70 30 polyester wool. Polyester rich blends are normally constructed from a texturised polyester fibre warp and 55 45 polyester wool weft yams. The 20 80 polyester/wool is woven from 55 45 warp and a pure weft yam. Worsted polyester/wool blend yams may contain 2.5 - 3% solvent extractable oil, compared with 3.5- 5% for similar all wool yams. The oils have much greater affinity for polyester fibre than wool and after normal piece scouring, the blends contain residual oil content of 0.6 - 1.2% compared with 0.3% for wool. Oxidation of combing oil is influenced by exposure to light which should be avoided before scouring. Addition of surfactant to combing oil improves the scourability of the blend fabric [75]. 

The internal lipids from Spanish Merino Wool were extracted at pilot plant level with methanol as an extracted solvent and the ceratnides were the main compound in the analyzed extract (0.16% oww). 

Lanolin, wool fat, wool wax the fatty or more correctly waxy substance secreted by the skin of the sheep, m-p. 36-42°C. L constitutes up to 50% of the wei t of raw wool. It is a complicated mixture of fatty adds, alcohols, fats and waxy substances. The latter are chiefly esters of steroids (cholesterol and lanoster-ol) and long chain aliphatic alcohols with higher fatty acids, which are 6-hydroxylated or carry a terminal isopropyl or isobutyl residue. L. is obtained from raw wool by extraction with organic solvents or soap solutions. It forms water-in-oil suspensions, and is used widely in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries (as Adeps Lanae) as an ointment base. 

Human hair, powdered human callus, and wool fibers were degreased by solvent extraction before incubation with the surfactants in order to make proteins easily accessible for binding. The amount of surfactant bound to the keratinic substrate was determined, as well as the denaturing effect of the surface agent on the protein with release of amino acid in the solution. Details about the procedure are given by Dominguez et al. [2],... 

After shearing, the wool is washed with a nonionic - surfactant or a - soap solution, resulting in a wax emulsion. By centrifuging or adding sulfuric acid or salt solution, the crude 1. is precipitated and further purified by centrifuging, filtering, solvent extraction, bleaching, treatment with - activated carbon, etc. 

Hobson, B. C., R. S. Hartley, Nonionic surface-active agents in oils and solvent extracts from wool, Analyst, 1960, 85,193—196. 

Most of the trichloroethylene produced is used for metal degreasing. Other important uses are in the scouring of wool and as an extractive solvent, e.g. for olive and soya bean oils. Minor uses are as a heat transfer medium, anaesthetic, insecticide and fumigant, paint remover and fire extinguisher. 

Y-Phenylbutyric acid. Prepare amalgamated zinc from 120 g. of zinc wool contained in a 1-litre rovmd-bottomed flask (Section 111,50, IS), decant the liquid as completely as possible, and add in the following order 75 ml. of water, 180 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, 100 ml. of pure toluene (1) and 50 g. of p benzoylpropionic acid. Fit the flask with a reflux condenser connected to a gas absorption device (Fig. II, 8, l,c), and boil the reaction mixture vigorously for 30 hours add three or four 50 ml. portions of concentrated hydrochloric acid at approximately six hour intervals during the refluxing period in order to maintain the concentration of the acid. Allow to cool to room temperature and separate the two layers. Dilute the aqueous portion with about 200 ml. of water and extract with three 75 ml. portions of ether. Combine the toluene layer with the ether extracts, wash with water, and dry over anhydrous magnesium or calcium sulphate. Remove the solvents by distillation under diminished pressure on a water bath (compare Fig. II, 37, 1), transfer the residue to a Claisen flask, and distil imder reduced pressure (Fig. II, 19, 1). Collect the y-phenylbutyric acid at 178-181°/19 mm. this solidifies on coohng to a colourless sohd (40 g.) and melts at 47-48°. 

Add to the sample solution (containing 1 -25 g of Mo) 4 mL of 1 3 sulphuric acid, 3 drops of 85 per cent phosphoric(V) acid, and 0.5 g of citric acid. Dilute with water to 20 mL and add 2 mL of dithiol solution. Allow to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. Extract the molybdenum complex with 13 mL and 10 mL portions respectively of re-distilled butyl acetate, and make up to 25.0 mL with this solvent in a graduated flask filter through glass wool if not entirely clear. Determine the absorbance of the solution at 670 nm. Prepare a calibration curve as detailed in Section 6.14. 

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