Witt method

H.T. Witt, Methods in Enzymology, Volume XVI, Fast Reactions", edited by Kenneth Kustin, Chapter IX, Academic Press, 1969,... 

J. Wittes and A. Turk, Correlation of Subjective—Objective Methods in the Study of Odors and Taste, American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Pubhcation 440, Philadelphia, Pa., 1968, pp. 49—70. 

H. Witt, Overview of the Finate Element Method with Emphasis on Applications to Rubber Materials, at the ACS Meeting of the 147th Rubber Division, Philadelphia, Pa., May 2—5, 1995, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Having previously introduced the key methods to determine the important variables with respect to stress and strength distributions, the most acceptable way to predict mechanical component reliability is by applying SSI theory (Dhillon, 1980). SSI analysis is one of the oldest methods to assess structural reliability, and is the most commonly used method because of its simplicity, ease and economy (Murty and Naikan, 1997 Sundararajan and Witt, 1995). It is a practical engineering tool used for quantitatively predicting the reliability of mechanical components subjected to mechanical loading (Sadlon, 1993) and has been described as a simulative model of failure (Dasgupta and Pecht, 1991). 

Sundararajan, C. and Witt, F.J. 1995 Stress-Strength Interference Method. In Sundararajan, C. (ed.). Probabilistic Structural Mechanics Handbook theory and industrial applications. NY Chapman Hall. 

O. Rhode, S. Witt, I. Haedackee (Henkel K. A.). Method for Preparing of Alkyl-Glycosides Using Microwave Irradiation. PCT International Application WO 3,869,1999 (DE Application 19,730,836, 21 Jan 1999) Chem. Abstr. 1999, 130, 110555v. 

Witt, H.T., Coupling of quanta, electrons, fields, ions, and phosphorylation in the functional membrane of photosynthesis. Results by pulse spectroscopic methods, Quart. Rev. Biophys., 4, 365, 1971. 

Finally, in a method originated by Witt [22], which is occasionally useful for the diazotisation of stable amines of high relative molecular mass that pose solubility problems, the amine is dissolved in nitric acid before the addition of sodium metabisulphite. Nitrous acid is produced in the medium according to Scheme 4-9, enabling diazotisation to proceed. 

Naphthyl Methyl Ether (Nerolin).—The procedure is the same as in the case of anisole, but the stoicheiometrical ratio is altered. Melting point 72°. The substance is crystalline. For a method by which it may be completely purified see Witt, Ber., 1901, 34, 3172. 

It was Witt s criticism of the method of collecting turpentine from pine trees in the American South that stimulate Herty s interest in this subject. Upon returning to the United States in 1901, he turned his attention to this problem, and he soon developed his cup and gutter system, which replaced the old "boxing" method. Herty resigned his university post and worked with the United States Bureau of Forestry (1902-1904) and later the Chattanooga Pottery Company (1904-1905) in following up on his invention, which made him financially secure. 

In the United Kingdom, the present yellow card system had its origins in 1965, when Witts, who was then a member of the Committee on Safety of Drugs (the precursor to the CSM), published a method for the collection of suspected adverse reactions to drugs. 

Witt, K.L., Livanos, E Kissling, G.E., Torous, D.K., Caspary, W Tice, R.R. and Recio, L. (2008) Comparison of flow cytometry- and microscopy-based methods for measuring micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies in rodents treated with nongenotoxic and genotoxic chemicals. Mutation Research, 649, 101-113. 

Method I.—Intimately mix 36 g. of antimony sulfide (or powdered stibnite), Sb2S3 43 g. of anhydrous sodium sulfate and 16 g. of fine charcoal in a clay crucible, which should be about half filled with the mixture. Cover with a little charcoal and heat in the furnace to quiet fusion and then for 10 min. longer. Pour out on sheet iron or on a large iron pan. Powder the cold melt and boil it half an hour with 7 g. of sulfur and 300 cc. of water. Filter, add a little sodium hydroxide, and evaporate to crystallization in a porcelain dish. Because of hydrolysis, the crystals cannot be washed with water. Collect on glass wool or on a bare Witte plate and wash with alcohol containing a little sodium hydroxide. Obtain several crops of crystals. Finally,... 

The anhydrous acetates of the rare earths have recently been prepared. Moeller et al. [355] obtained them for La, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb and Y by the azeotropic distillation of a mixture of hydrated acetates with N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF) and benzene. In the case of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd the same method gave a monosolvated acetate, M(C2Hs02)3 DMF. However, the anhydrous acetates of Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu and Gd can be prepared [355] by vacuum desolvation of the monosolvated compounds. A direct desolvation of the acetates in vacuum at —150° C was attempted by Witt and Onstott [389] after dissolution of the rare earth oxides in 50 per cent acetic acid, and anhydrous acetates of definite composition were obtained for La, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Lu and Y. 

Adapted from Wang el at. (1997) with permission from Food and Nutrition Press. Distillation methods were described by Tarladgis el al. (I960). Rhee (1978), and Moerck and Ball (1974). Extraction methods were described by Sinnhuber and Yu (1977) and Witte et al. (1970). Results are expressed as mg malonaldehyde eq/kg meat sample. 

Salih et al. (1987) reported that TBA numbers of cooked poultry meat obtained using the distillation method were 2.6-fold higher than those of the extraction method. These results were comparable to those reported by Witte et al. (1970), who noted that the TBA values determined by the distillation method were about twice as large as those determined by the extraction method. Salih et al. (1987) found that the relationship of both distillation and extraction methods correlated well with panel scores, thereby indicating that TBA is a valid objective test used with sensory evaluation for monitoring warmed-over flavor in poultry meat. 

Witte, V.C., Krause, G.F., and Bailey, M.E. 1970. A new extraction method for determining 2-thio-barbituric acid values of pork and beef during storage. J. FoodSci. 35 582-585. 

Witt Witte prepd TNA by nitrating with coned nitric acid a soln of aniline in glacial AcOH (or in coned H2S04) at about 5°, but the yields were poor. Better yields were obtained by nitrating mono- or dinitro- anilines (Ref 14). Other methods of prepn are described in Refs... 

From the topically applied silver sulfadiazine only sulfadiazine is absorbed to some extent (about 10%). The analysis of sulfadiazine in biological fluids can be based on the methods described by Stober and De Witte (12). Delaveau and Friedrich-Noue (33) employed the Bratton-Marshall reaction for the measurement of sulfadiazine levels in plasma, serum and urine after topical application of silver sulfadiazine cream. 

The compound was first obtained by treating picryl chloride (Pisani [12]) or trinitroanisole with ammonia (Salkowski [13]). Later Witt and Witte [14] obtained it by the nitration of o- or p- nitroacetanilide in oleum solution. For the nitration a solution of KN03 in concentrated sulphuric acid was used. Spencer and Wright [15] applied Kym s method [lo] for the preparation of picramide, heating picric acid with urea at 173°C for 36 hr. The yield obtained was about 90% of the theoretical. 

B. Michalke, H. Witte, P. Schramel, Developments of a rugged method for selenium speciation, J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 16 (2001), 593-597. 

Bum JH, Finney DJ, Goodwin LG (eds) (1952) Biological standardization, Chapter XVII, Gastric secretion. Oxford University Press, London, pp 332-334 Gallo-Torres HE, Kuhn D, Witt C (1979) A method for the bioassay of antisecretory activity in the conscious rat with acute gastric fistula Studies with cimetidine, somatostatin, and the prostaglandin E2-analog RO 21-6937. J Pharmacol Meth 2 339-355... 

Other methods have been suggested, chief among which ore those of Trommsdorfi, Ann. Ghim. Pkys., 1798, 26, 89 1805, 54, 327 Quesneville, J. Pharm. Chem., 1829, 15,291,411 Lojjyet. J.prakt. Chem., 1849, 46, 244 Patera, ibid.,1856, 67,21 De Witt, ibid., 1857, 71, 239. 

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