Winter Line

I) From the Volturno to the Winter Line, AMERICAN FORCES IN ACTION SERIES (Washington, 1944), p. 4. (1) Co D 84th Cml Mortar Bn, Field Jnl, 10-17 Oct 4j. (3) Memo, Barker... 

See Fifth Army at the Winter Line, AMERICAN FORCES IN ACTION SERIES (Washington, 1945), illustration, p. 66. 

From the Volturno to the Winter Line Crossing the Volturno... 

The initial attack on the Winter Line saw all four chemical mortar battalions committed to action. The 3d Battalion, which had remained... 

The supply of toxic agents overseas admittedly amounted only to token quantities. At the time of President Roosevelt s 1942 pronouncement, his threatened swift retaliation for enemy initiation of gas warfare would have been impossible. The fourteen days of aerial toxic munitions in Europe after the fall of 1945 represented a substantial first-strike capability, but for resupply, air delivery on high priority would have been necessary. By the time of the Rapido and Winter Line operations in Italy early in 1944, the U.S. forces possessed enough toxic munitions to lay alternate bands of persistent and nonpersistent gases most of the way across the Italian peninsula. Again, resupply... 

An important design detail is that the inlet line should be sloped at least 30" from the horizontal and the diameters of the vertical and sloped legs of the Y-seal are sized such that a 3 m slug of water is pressured back up the sloping inlet line, without spilling over into the header, in the event of flashback. Note that this requires an enlarged diameter section in the vertical leg of the Y-seal. The seal is maintained by a continuous flow of water at 1.26 dm /s and the water makeup is provided with steam injection, if required for winterizing or cold releases. 

When winterizing is required, the steam tracing and insulation should include the first 7.5 m of the flare stack above the vapor inlet and also in the case of a drum seal, the vapor line from the seal drum to the flare. Where steam injection to one of the smokeless tips, as shown in Figures 11 B and C is used, then the steam ring should remain outside the top of the flare tip (i.e., not internal). Where severe ambient conditions are encountered then it is recommended that the entire seal drum and flare be insulated in addition to steam tracing and open steam injection at base of flare. 

From a hydrate melting standpoint it is possible in the winter time to have too cold a liquid temperature and thus plug the liquid outlet of the low temperature separator. It is easier for field personnel to understand and operate a line heater for hydrate control and a multistage flash or condensate stabilizer system to maximize liquids recovery. 

A glance at the vapor pressure curve for butane will, however, reveal that in winter there is a possibility of butane vapor liquefying after the vaporizer if the temperature is allowed to fall in the pipeline, even at moderate pressure. For this reason, such pipework is usually heated, either by electrical tapes or, if available, by steam or hot-water lines. 

Absolute prevention of line freezing can be obtained only when the dew point of the line air is below any temperature to which it may be exposed. Freezing is always possible if there is line condensation. For example when air lines are run outdoors in winter weather or pass through cold storage rooms, the ambient temperatures will change the dew point and cause any moisture in the air to condense and freeze. 

A buna factory needed a lot of water, even in winter. They planned to cut a canal to connect the Vistula to the Oder a few miles away. Oswiecem was on a level plain, and all the waters of all the rivers around could be harnessed without flooding. Oswiecem fell on a line between Krakow and Vienna, and the old short stretches of railways could be joined to ship the buna back to the Reich. Said Ter Meer "There were really so many of our industrial prerequisites that one has to admit that this location, Auschwitz, was ideal industrially."... 

Fig. 14 Monthly flow duration curves for the subcatchments 057, 079, 090 and 115. Black lines refer to the flow duration curves obtained by considering the observed values during the control period 1961-1990, while the blue and red lines refer to the streamflows derived from the two RCMs HIRHAM H and RCAO E, respectively. The left column represent the flow duration curves computed with all the monthly values during the period 2071-2100 the central column was computed with the monthly values belonging to the winter season (DJF) and the right column represent the flow duration curve computed with the monthly values belonging to the summer season (JJA). Note that vertical scales are different...

As Winter notes, In the later phase oF mesmerism s Victorian history, important changes took place in the authoritative status of the sciences and medicine. By 1870 new disciplinary divisions in science and medicine, brought on by reforms in university education and the new laboratories, left less space for the lines of inquiry that mesmerism required (Winter 6). 

The investigations were performed on a 5.2 km gravity sewer line in Denmark. A series of 29 corresponding upstream and downstream samples were taken according to procedure 4 and exposed to OUR measurements and analysis following procedures 1 to 3. Six of the samples (three originating from a summer period and three from a winter period) were used for determination of parameters that were considered universal for all 29 samples. The rest of the samples (11 from a summer period and 12 from a winter period) were used for validation. 

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