Windward direction

About three minutes after the initial explosion or hie, the tank failed and produced fragments and a hreball. Blast effects were far heavier in the upward and windward directions than otherwise. About 75 m (250 ft) from the explosion center. 

Methods used in studies of NH3 loss at AGRI, Hurley, involve the micrometeorological mass balance method for studies in grazed swards and a system of wind tunnels for small field plots to which specific treatments have been applied (e.g., slurry or urine). In the mass balance method, NH3 loss is calculated from measurements of (i) wind speed to a height of 3 m (ii) wind direction and (iii) the NH3 concentration profile in air windward and leeward of a treated area. The method has been successfully applied in studies in which the distance between the windward and leeward sampling... 

Precipitation shows great intramountain variation. Determining factors comprise windward and leeward orientation to prevailing wind directions and the effects of local wind systems that depend on physical processes and relief. In general, annual amounts of precipitation tend to increase with altitude. Precipitation can occur in solid or liquid form. Further, rain fog can substantially contribute to... 

Moving air can only transport sand and dust, and does not erode solid rock very effectively. Its characteristic landforms, sand dunes, occur in many sizes and shapes. Most have a gentle slope on the windward side, where sand is being eroded away, and a steeper leeward side, where sand is deposited. Movement of sand from one side to the other may result in the migration of the sand dnne in the direction the wind is blowing. As with water, transport capability varies with velocity, so sand dunes often develop where the wind slows down. This is the case at Great Sand Dunes National Monument, Colorado, and Death Valley National Park, California, where spectacular, but localized, dune fields occur. 

An 8-1. stainless steel bucket was used to scoop water from the surface. Bar weights were welded on one side so that the bucket would dip into the water as soon as it touched the surface. The bucket was tied to a previously extracted polypropylene rope and swung from a boom on the windward side of the vessel from as far forward a position as could be safely managed. Upon retrieval of the bucket the water was pomred directly into a 1- or 3-gal. glass bottle for immediate extraction by carbon tetrachloride. A carbon tetrachloride rinse of the bucket was part of the extract which was placed in a clean 4-oz bottle with an aluminum-lined cap. 

Calcium carbonate deposited in windward perimeter zones at or near the surface is removed and transported in a leeward direction, where it forms prograding sand wedges infilling lagoons, and leeward extension of the reef. Windward reef zones eire likely to be net destructional and not constructional sites. 

The wind wave tank of the University of Hamburg is 26 m long and 1 m wide. It is filled with lfesh water with a mean water depth of 0.5 m. The wind-tunnel height is 1 m, and the effective (maximum) fetch is 19 m. All measurements reported herein were performed at a fetch of 14.5 m and at wind speeds between 2 and 10 m s"1 generated by a radial blower. In the measurement and rain area, the metallic plates of the tank s roof were removed and, on the leeward side, replaced by Styrofoam panels to ensure the unattenuated transmission of the microwaves (Figure 2). At the windward side of the rain area plates of microwave absorbing material were vertically mounted in the direction of the specular-reflected radar beams. 

A degreaser should be installed so that it is not affected by drafts caused by windows, doors, fans, unit heaters, ventilators, or adjacent spray booths. Normal air circulation (at velocities not exceeding 50 ft/min [15 m/min]) is desirable and should not be confused with direct drafts such as just outlined. Drafts may be diverted from the top of the degreaser by the use of baffles located on the windward side of the degreaser. 

Although a flow in the down-wind direction is easy to understand, density structure and rotation of the earth make it more complicated. To simplify our discussion, let us consider the rectangle bay which is very small and has a uniform depth. It is assumed that Coriohs force and stratification effect can be neglected. When the wind blows over this bay, it generates a shear stress at the sea surface. The surface water moves in response to the wind-shear stress the water surface of the leeward side becomes higher and the windward side becomes lower (see Fig. 32.7). If the water pressiues at the seabed are compared at this time, the water pressure of the leeward will become high because of the effect of wind stress. As a result, a flow which returns to the upwind direction occurs at the seabed. Consequently, a vertical circulation, for which the direction of the flow are opposite at the surface and bottom, occurs. In this mechanism, the water near the seabed as well as the surface responds to a wind in comparatively short time, and moves to the upwind direction. 

The approach adopted will assume that sectional lift, moment, and drag, referred to the center of gravity of a spanwise section of the bridge deck, form the basis upon which the generalized forces on the structure can be calculated. Let the typical deck section motion be defined by deflection components h (vertical downward), o< (twi t with the windward edge upward), and p (lateral sway in the horizontal wind direction). 

II-5. When the blast wave impulse encounters an obstruction it results in a reflected wave typically two to four times the magnitude of the side-on peak pressure, but of shorter duration, impinging on obstructions perpendicular to the free field or side-on blast wave s direction of travel. As the positive blast wave traverses a building structure, in addition to the reflected pressure on the windward side, it exerts a positive pressure on all walls and the roof of the structure as it passes. Dynamic winds following the blast wave exert a positive pressure (inward) on the windward wall and negative pressures on the side and leeward walls and roof. 

Features of the Seismic Behavior of RC Frames Walls resist the seismic overturning moments and the shears directly, through bending moments and shears, respectively, in the wall itself. By contrast, in a frame, the seismic overturning moment is resisted, not by the column moments but by axial forces in the columns (tensile at the windward side of the plan, compressive at the opposite - i.e., leeward - one. Pig. 3a). 

---