White rice, obtainment

The polished white rice that is an important staple food for a large section of the human population is obtained by milling paddy rice. It is first dehulled to yield the following fractions (approximate proportions in parentheses) brown rice (80%) and hulls (20%). The brown rice is then milled to yield rice... 

Metal serpentines are installed in the volume of the two hot cyclones and in the volume of the uppermost part of the fluidized bed combustor. Inside them, deionized water flows in reverse direction to the exhaust fumes. The water gets heated and vaporizes, which results in high temperature steam. Thus a triple effect is achieved the ecological problem of the utilization of waste rice husks is solved and black or white rice husk ash, which is a commercial product, and technological steam are obtained. 

The rice husk-based bioelectricity hfe cycle starts with the production of agricultural inputs such as rice seed, fertihzer, and pesticide, which then are used for rice farming. After the rough rice grains are harvested, rice husk is separated from brown rice [44]. While the brown rice is normally processed to obtain white rice for commercial purpose, the rice husk is directly transported to the power plant for generating electricity. The operation of rice husk-based power plants is similar to that of coal-based power plants. Nevertheless, as rice husk tends to contain less sulfur than coal, limestone consumption is omitted when considering the rice residue-based power plant. 

The different types of fissured/non-fissured and broken/non-broken white rice grains that can be obtained after milling are illustrated in Fig. 2.2. 

White rice, in comparison to rough or brown rice, is low in vitamin content (cf. Table 15.38) and in minerals. A nutritionally improved product may be obtained by a parboiling process, orginally developed to facilitate seed coat removal. About 25% of the world s rice harvest is treated by the following process raw rice — steeping in... 

Polithing Soft, fine residue obtained by polishing brown nee to make white rice. dice Added to infant cereals to increase the coniam of minerals and vitamins. 

Dehulling Name of the milling operation aimed at the removal of the glumes (lemma and palea) or hulls. Paddy rice and oats are almost always dehulled during milling operations in order to obtain white rice and groats, respectively. 

Parboiled rice Rice obtained after parboiling and milling rough rice. The white parboiled kernels are harder and, upon cooking, produce less stickiness. 

White rice Rice obtained after dry milling of rough rice. The paddy rice is first dehulled, and the resulting brown rice is next decorticated and polished. White rice is free of glumes, pericarp, germ, and the alenrone layer. It basically consists of starchy endosperm. 

TAs one might predict, mutations in the genes for the subunits of the PDH complex, or a dietaiy thiamine deficiency, can have severe consequences. Thiamine-deficient animals are unable to oxidize pyruvate normally. This is of particular importance to the brain, which usually obtains all its energy from the aerobic oxidation of glucose in a pathway that necessarily includes the oxidation of pyruvate. Beriberi, a disease that results from thiamine deficiency, is characterized by loss of neural function. This disease occurs primarily in populations that rely on a diet consisting mainly of white (polished) rice, which lacks the hulls in which most of the thiamine of rice is found. People who habitually consume large amounts of alcohol can also develop thiamine deficiency, because much of their dietaiy intake consists of the vitamin-free empty calories of distilled spirits. An elevated level of pyruvate in the blood is often an indicator of defects in pyruvate oxidation due to one of these causes. ... 

Robert H. White was born in Oakridge, Tennessee, USA, in 1946 and received his BS in Chemistry from Indiana University, Bloomington, in 1968. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in 1974. After one year postdoctoral positions with Professor Stanley L. Miller and then Professor Trevor McMorris at the University of California, San Diego, he moved to Rice University as a lecturer — spectroscopist. In 1980 he joined the Department of Biochemistry at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg. He has been interested in the biosynthesis of coenzymes and how it relates to the origin of metabolism and life. 

In 1952, Marshall D. Gates and Gilg Tschudi reported the first total synthesis of morphine. [93, 94] Since then, about 20 syntheses of racemic morphine have been published. [95] Only in 1993, Larry E. Overman could obtain (-)-mor-phine by an enantioselective synthesis. [96] Further syntheses followed in 1996 by Johann Mulzer [97], in 1997 by James White [98], in 2002 by Douglas Taber [99] andBarryTrost [100], and bymany others [101] as well (Tab. 5.6). Measured by the number of stages and the overall yield, the total syntheses by Rice in 1980 and Trost in 2002 are particularly noteworthy. 

Particularly high concentrations of P are present in some edible commodities (Table 11.15), but subsequent treatment prior to ingestion should always be taken into account. Up to 80% of some of the water-soluble vitamins such as B B2 and B< , for example, are lost in the processes of obtaining white flour from whole wheat, and in rice polishing (Table 11.16). 

Huang S, Jing S, Wang J, Wang Z, Jin Y (2001) Silica white obtained liom rice husk in a fluidized bed. Power Technol 117 232-238... 

The main alcohol fermentation is started by moving yeast starter and adding water, steamed rice, and rice malt to a larger tank. The temperature and other factors of the alcohol fermentation process are measured and adjusted to create the flavor and taste profiles of the sake product. After the fermentation, the mash is pressed with a Alter press to remove the white lees and unfermented solids, and clear sake is obtained. 

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