White optics

M 58] [P 53] Oil and water were contacted in a five-step fork-like micro mixer [43], Bubbles down to 100 pm in size resulted, giving the whole fluid system a nearly white optical appearance. The foams were more stable than the water-based foams. About 1 h was needed until all bubbles were removed from the oil phase. When using a 20-element mixer, the oil-based foams were stable for 2-3 days. 

White, optically inactive needles sharp bitter taste, mp 102-103. uv max 213, 308 nm (e 25,000, 3800). Sol in 700 parts cold, 22 parts boiling water sol in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, glacial acetic acid slowly sol in alkalies with formation of alkali salt of meconinic acid, (CHjOH)-(CHjO)jCtHjCOOH,[2,5,6,1], The acid itself is unstable, rapidly changing to lactone. 

Jenkins F A and White H E 1957 Fundamentals of Optics (New York MoGraw-Hill)... 

DeLong K W, Trebino R, Hunter J and White W E 1994 Frequency-resolved optical gating with the use of second-harmonic generation J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11 2206-15... 

After the ion source, the ion optics split the ion beam into its component m/z values (compare splitting white light into a spectrum of colors). 

Jenkins, F. A. and White, FI. E. (1957) Fundamentals of Optics, McGraw-FIill, New York. Longhurst, R. S. (1957) Geometrical and Physical Optics, Longman, London. 

S. R. White, Proceedings of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (Smart Structures andMaterials 1995-Mathematics and Control in Structures), Proceedings of the Conference, San Diego, Calif., Feb. 27—Mar. 1, 1995) 2442, 337—348 (1995). 

Optical Properties. Brightness, or visual whiteness of paper, can be defined as the degree to which light is reflected uniformly over the visible spectmm. Since pulp and typical impurities tend to be yellowish, blue dye is sometimes added in addition to appropriate fillers. The percentage reflectance is usually measured in the blue end of the spectmm at or near 457 nm (14). 

Measurement of Whiteness. The Ciba-Geigy Plastic White Scale is effective in the visual assessment of white effects (79), but the availabihty of this scale is limited. Most evaluations are carried out (ca 1993) by instmmental measurements, utilising the GIF chromaticity coordinates or the Hunter Uniform Color System (see Color). Spectrophotometers and colorimeters designed to measure fluorescent samples must have reversed optics, ie, the sample is illuminated by a polychromatic source and the reflected light passes through the analy2er to the detector. 

The special design of the Latham bowl allows for a specific blood cell separation known as SURGE. This technique makes use of the principle of critical velocity. The Latham bowl is filled until the huffy coat, ie, layer of platelets and white cells, moves in front of the bowl optics. At this point the machine starts to recirculate plasma through the bowl at increasing rates. The smallest particles, ie, platelets, ate the first to leave the bowl. Their high number causes the effluent line to turn foggy. The optical density of the fluid in the effluent line is monitored by the line sensor. A special algorithm then determines when to open and close the appropriate valves, as well as the optimum recirculation rate. 

Cyclosporin A forms white prismatic crystals from acetone and is only slightly soluble in water and saturated hydrocarbons, but is very soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone, and diethyl ether. Optical and nmr data on cyclosporins and x-ray crystallographic data on cyclosporin A and an io do derivative have been reviewed (273,275). 

Mica [12001 -26-2]—Cl Pigment White 20, Cl No. 77019. A white powder obtained from the naturally occurring mineral muscovite mica, consisting predominantly of a potassium aluminum siHcate, [1327-44-2] H2KAl2(Si0 2- Mica may be identified and semiquantitatively determined by its characteristic x-ray diffraction pattern and by its optical properties. 

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