Whewell

A scientific theory T (in conjunction with accepted auxiliary assumptions) deductively entails some empirical sentence e e is, moreover, true (or, rather, accepted as true on the basis of experiment or observation). Does the extent to which this success lends confirmation or support to T depend on whether e describes some state of affairs that was unknown at the time of Ts articulation or instead on whether it describes some already well known state of affairs The methodological issue of whether, roughly speaking, successful prediction counts more for a theory than successful accommodation formed a celebrated part of the debate between William Whewell and John Stuart Mill. The latter, while allowing that successful predictions were well calculated to impress the ignorant vulgar , expressed utter... 

This idea is by no means unknown to philosophers. The same idea is at the heart of Whewell s noti on of consilience, for example and it was explicitly spelled out by Moritz Schlick ... 

Metal extraction with hydroxyoximes. R, J. Whewell and C. Hanson, Ion Exch. Solvent Extr., 1981,... 

Note that just three points have been used to define our plane (see 2.1.6.). The original definition was given by Whewell in 1825 and by Grassman in 1829, but was popularized by Miller in 1839. Since three points of a lattice can be used to define a plane, it is obvious that such... 

Cununing GL, Rollett JS, Rosotti FJC, Whewell RJ (1972) Statistical methods for the computation of stability constants, I. Straight-line fitting of points with correlated errors. J Chem Soc Dalton Trans 23 2652-2658... 

William Whewell, Selected Writings on the History of Science, ed. Yehuda Elkana (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1984) 8183, 156158, 186187. 

Whewell criticized Berzelius s original superscript symbols on the grounds that they contravened the most elementary rules of algebra. NH4C1 means (x y4 Cl), not, as Berzelius intends, (N + 4H + Cl).64 Whewell complained of the new notation,... 

See William Whewell, "On the Employment of Notation in Chemistry," J. Royal Inst. 1 (1831) 437438 Alborn, "Negotiating Notation" W. H. Brock, "The British Association Committee on Chemical Symbols 1834 Edward Turner s Letter to British Chemists and a Reply by William Prout," Ambix 33 (1986) 3337. 

Alexander, P. and Whewell, C. S Some Aspects of Textile Research in Germany, BIOS Final Report No. 1472, HMSO, London, 1947, p. 33. 

Whewell, William. History of the Inductive Sciences, 3rd ed. 2 vols. New York D. Appleton Co., 1859. 

In this book, the electrode from which electron acceptors in the solution accept electrons has been termed the electron-source electrode, and the electrode thatreceives electrons from electron donors has been termed the electron-sink electrode. The conventional terms, introduced by Faraday upon a suggestion by the Reverend Whewell, for an electron-source electrode and an electron-sink electrode are cathode and anode, respectively. 

The first application of the ferrous ion-hydrogen peroxide initiation for polymerizing vinyl monomers on and into cellulose fibers has been reported by Landeias and Whewell (41) in three successive papers. They are apparently the first who applied the "anchored catalyst technique, which other people have termed "in situ polymerization to cellulose grafting. The authors internally deposited methyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, styrene, methyl vinyl ketone and methacrylamide in amounts between 10 and 80%. No attempt had been made to determine if actual grafting had occurred. In 1961 Richards (42) studied this question in great detail. Products obtained by polymerization of acrylonitrile and of styrene in viscose rayon were acetylated. Fractionation of... 

Illingworth, J. W. Post-advanced course in textile chemistry, Manchester College of Technology, 1942—43 cf. G. Landells and C. S. Whewell J. Soc. Dyers Colorists 67, 338 (1951). 

Following his 1831 electromagnetic work, Faraday turned his attention to electrochemistry. The decomposition of chemical compounds was a standard test for the presence of electricity. In his extensive use of this test, he observed phenomena contradicting Davy s theory that electrochemical decomposition occurred at the metal pole. Faraday found that decomposition occurred in the substance itself and the poles did not need to be metal. All this led Faraday to develop a new language of electrochemistry. With a number of classical scholars, notably William Whewell, Faraday introduced terms such as electrolysis, electrolyte, electrode, anode, cathode, and ion (although he said there would be little need for this last term). 

Weiss and Mohs also developed notation systems relating each face to the coordinate axes, but these were surpassed in use by a system first introduced by the British polymath William Whewell (1794-1866) during a crystallography fellowship period in 1825, and later incorporated in an 1839 book by his student William Hallowes Miller (1801-1880). The notation system, now named after Miller, is discussed further in Section 1.3.2. 

Anode — Electrode where -> oxidation occurs and electrons flow from electrolyte to electrode. At the other electrode, which is called a - cathode, electrons flow from electrode to electrolyte. It follows that in a -> battery, the anode is the negative electrode. In - electrolysis, to the contrary, the anode is the positive electrode. Note that the concepts of anode and cathode are related only to the direction of electron flow, not to the polarity of the electrodes. The terms anode and cathode as well as anion , cation electrolyte etc. were introduced by - Faraday, who considered that anions migrated toward the anode, while cations migrated toward the cathode (see also - Whewell). However, it should be noted that the redox species, which gives electrons to the anode, is not necessarily an anion. 

Cathode electrode where - reduction occurs and electrons flow from electrode to electrolyte. At the other electrode, which is called an - anode, electrons flow from electrolyte to electrode. It follows that in a - battery, the cathode is the positive electrode. In - electrolysis, to the contrary, the cathode is the negative electrode. See also anode, Faraday, -> Whewell. 

Pole — (i) the locus of the charge in a static electric field, or (ii) the electrically isolated terminus of a conducting path. (This latter usage, though regarded as old-fashioned, still survives in technical electrochemistry, and in circuit theory.) The inadequacy of the word in connection with electrolysis was noted by - Faraday, and, after conferring with -> Whewell, he adopted the word -> electrode [i]. 

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