Wheat studies

Winning, H., Viereck, N., Wollenweber, B., Larsen, F. H., Jacobsen, S., Sondergaard, I., and Engelsen, S. B. (2009). Exploring abiotic stress on asynchronous protein metabolism in single kernels of wheat studied by NMR spectroscopy and chemometrics.. Exp. Bot. 60,... 

Davis, J. S., Gibbs, H. M., and Taylor, E. B., Wheat in the World Economy, a Guide to Wheat Studies of the Food Research Institute, Stanford, Calif., Stanford University, Food Research Institute, 1945. 

M. C. Pasikatan, E. Haque, J. L. Steele, C. K. Spillman, G. A. MUUken. Evaluation of a near-infrared reflectance spectrometer as a granulation sensor for first-break ground wheats Studies with six wheat classes. Cereal Chem 78 730-736, 2001. 

W. R. Aykroyd and J. Doughty, Wheat in Human Nutrition, FAO Nutritional Studies, No. 23, Food and Agricultural Organi2ation, Rome, 1970, p. 1. 

Plant and Animal Nutrient. Copper is one of seven micronutrients that has been identified as essential to the proper growth of plants (87). Cereal crops are by far the most affected by copper deficiency (see Wheat and other cereal grains). Greenhouse studies have shown yield increases from 38% to over 500% for wheat, barley, and oats (88) using copper supplementation. A tenfold increase in the yield of oats was reported in France (89). Symptoms of copper deficiency vary depending on species, but often it is accompanied by withering or chlorosis in the leaves that is not ammenable to iron supplementation. In high concentrations, particularly in low pH sods, copper can be toxic to plants. 

Cooking extmders have been studied for the Uquefaction of starch, but the high temperature inactivation of the enzymes in the extmder demands doses 5—10 times higher than under conditions in a jet cooker (69). Eor example, continuous nonpressure cooking of wheat for the production of ethanol is carried out at 85°C in two continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) connected in series plug-fiow tube reactors may be included if only one CSTR is used (70). 

Employing wood chips, Cowan s drying studies indicated that the volumetric heat-transfer coefficient obtainable in a spouted bed is at least twice that in a direct-heat rotaiy diyer. By using 20- to 30-mesh Ottawa sand, fluidized and spouted beds were compared. The volumetric coefficients in the fluid bed were 4 times those obtained in a spouted bed. Mathur dried wheat continuously in a 12-in-diameter spouted bed, followed by a 9-in-diameter spouted-bed cooler. A diy-ing rate of roughly 100 Ib/h of water was obtained by using 450 K inlet air. Six hundred pounds per hour of wheat was reduced from 16 to 26 percent to 4 percent moisture. Evaporation occurred also in the cooler by using sensible heat present in the wheat. The maximum diy-ing-bed temperature was 118°F, and the overall thermal efficiency of the system was roughly 65 percent. Some aspec ts of the spouted-bed technique are covered by patent (U.S. Patent 2,786,280). 

In a study of the effect of nutrition on reproduction in the rat in the 1920s, Herbert Evans and Katherine Bishop found that rats failed to reproduce on a diet of rancid lard, unless lettuce or whole wheat was added to the diet. The essential factor was traced to a vitamin in the wheat germ oil. Named vitamin E by Evans (using the next available letter following on the discovery of vita-... 

AGX are also the dominant hemicelluloses in the cell walls of hgnified supporting tissues of grasses and cereals. They were isolated from sisal, corncobs and the straw from various wheat species [4]. A more recent study on corncob xylans [30] showed the presence of a hnear, water-insoluble polymer... 

A recent study on wheat bran GAX [34] revealed the presence of lowly and highly substituted GAX fractions, which greatly differ in the amount and type of substitution by the Ara/ imits, but not in the content of the glucuronic acid, half of which occurs as the 4-0-methyl ether. Feruloylated GAX fractions were isolated from wheat bran by cold water, steam and dilute alkah [35]. The yields of water and steam-extracted material were 1.5 and 20-31%, respectively, however, they contained 1.5% and 19-28%, respectively, of GAX. The alkah extraction yielded 10-30% material containing more than 90% of the GAX with moderate FA content. 

The substitution pattern of arabinosyl side chains in AX from cereal flours and bran, based on the structural analysis of ohgomer fragments produced by xylan-degrading enzymes of known mode of action, was described by several authors [60-63], and various structural models were created [39,60]. fii a recent study [64] on the fine structure of wheat flour AX, a method was... 

Studies of the structure and molecular size of wheat AX [41] revealed that they are shear-thinning and exhibit two critical concentrations, which correspond to the onset of coil overlapping. The existence of three domains provided the evidence for the formerly suggested rigid, rod-Uke conformation of AX in solution. In a recent study [116], the previously reported conflicting suggestions on the conformation of AX were discussed. 

To promote the use of poor quality water for irrigation, a field research study was conducted in three semi-arid regions with water scarceness in Syria in order to define, under field conditions, the wheat yield response function to irrigation water salinity, the effect of soil texture and structural characteristics on the irrigation water salinity threshold, and to compare this value with the conventional threshold value. 

The results of this research study indicate that wheat tolerance for irrigation with saline water is affected by various real in-field conditions, including soil texture and structure, climate, irrigation water management and agricultural practices. 

---