Wheat reaction specificity

Yamakawa, H., Akiyama, H., Endo, Y., Miyatake, K., Sakata, K., Sakai, S., Toyoda, M., and Urisu, A. (2007a). Specific detection of wheat residues in processed foods by polymerase chain reaction. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 2561-2564. 

The biochemical similarities of leaf and stem rust elicitors, the missing gene specificity of both elicitors, the fact that an equally active elicitor was isolated from germ tube cell walls of oat crown rust (60), together with the described reactions of different non-hosts to the stem rust elicitor led us to speculate that the isolated elicitors may play a role in the induction of general mechanisms of non-host resistance (130). Although they may be involved in the elicitation of race-cultivar specific resistance as well, race-cultivar specificity in the wheat-stem rust system clearly cannot be explained on the basis of the specificity of the isolated elicitors. One possible explanation would be the occurrence of race-cultivar specific suppressors of the resistance reaction (124,131,132). 

Williams, K. J., Dennis, J. L, Smyl, C., and WaUwork, H. (2002). The application of species-specific assays based on the polymerase chain reaction to analyse Fusarium crown rot of durum wheat. Australas. Plant Pathol. 31,119-127. 

Galactinol (15) is known to serve as a D-galactosyl donor in D-galac-tosylation reactions catalyzed by specific enzymes. Kandler and coworkers293 showed that the enzyme preparations from the mature seeds of V. faba and wheat germ catalyze the synthesis of raffinose from galactinol and sucrose. The reaction does not take place if galac-... 

The three antibiotic inhibitors of translation that will be used in this experiment are chloramphenicol, cycloheximide, and puromycin (Fig. 23-10). Chloramphenicol is specific for prokaryotic ribosomes, blocking the transfer of the peptide on the tRNA at the P site to the amino acid linked to the tRNA at the A site (the peptidyl transfer reaction). Since the source of the ribosomes used in this experiment is wheat germ (eukaryotic), we would predict that chloramphenicol would not have a great effect on translation. The mechanism of cycloheximide-mediated inhibition is the same as that described above for chloramphenicol, except for the fact that it is specific for the 80S eukaryotic ribosome. Puromycin is a more broad translational inhibitor, effective on both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes. It acts as a substrate analog of aminoacyl tRNA. When it binds at the A site of the ribosome, it induces premature termination of translation (Fig. 

Chemistry is inside and around us all the processes that sustain life are based on chemical reactions, and most things we use in everyday life are natural (e.g., water, wheat, oil, wood) or artificial (plastics, glass, medicines, pesticides) molecules. For these reasons Chemistry is a central science. Its importance and extension can be better perceived by a comparison with language. Molecules, the words of matter, are the smallest entities that have distinct shapes, sizes and properties. Like words, molecules contain specific pieces of information that are revealed when they interact with one another. 

This protein has been found to be methylated immediately after its synthesis in fungi and higher plants (for a review see Paik, Polastro, and Kim, 1980). The products of the reaction are trimethyllysine residues at positions 72 and 86. The enzyme specific for methylation of lysine-72 has been purified from wheat germ (DiMaria, Kim, and Paik, 1982). Differences between the behavior of methylated and unmethylated cytochrome c suggest that methylation may lead to enhanced mitochondrial import and binding to the mitochondrial inner membrane (Park, Frost, Tuck, Ho, Kim, and Paik, 1987). 

Proline is the second most abundant amino acid (13-18%) contained in wheat gluten, and plays a very in rtant role in flavor formation during food processing. A great deal of work has been carried out by Tressl et aL (5) on the volatile conponents generated in proline-specific Maillard reactions. The most abundant proline-specific Maillard reaction products arc 2,3-dihydro-IH-pyrrolizines. 

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