Wheat hydroxamic acid

Mogensen B B, Mathiassen S, Krongaard T, Eljarrat E, Villagrasa M, Guillamon M, Tabemer A and Barcelo D (2004), Quantification of hydroxamic acid allelochemicals in wheat varieties grown under varying conditions , 2nd European Allelopathy Symposium, Pulawy, Poland, 50-53. 

Distribution of compounds in barley and wheat tissues. Tissues of barley and wheat leaves were mechanically separated under the microscope. It was observed that in barley gramine was more concentrated in the epidermis than in the entire leaf (Table II). Hydroxamic acids in wheat were absent in epidermic tissues and were more concentrated in the vascular tissues than in the entire leaf. Neither compound was detected in xylem exudates nor in guttation drops. 

Distribution of Gramine and Hydroxamic Acids in Barley and Wheat Tissues... 

S. gftajnintm feeds preferentially from phloem (17). Hydroxamic acids are more concentrated in the vascular bundles of wheat leaves than in other tissues. Moreover, these compounds are not present in... 

Lehtonen, M., and R. Aikasalo. Beta-glucan in two-and six-rowed barley. Cereal Chem 1987 64(3) 191-193. Argandona, V. H., G. E. Zuniga, and L. ]. Corcuera. Distribution of gramine and hydroxamic acids and wheat leaves. Phytochemistry 1987 26(7) 1917-1918. 

Perez FJ, Ormeno-Nunez J. 1991. Difference in hydroxamic acid content in roots and root exudates of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) Possible role in allelopathy. J Chem Ecol 17 1037-1043. 

The entire subject has been reviewed in detail several times.32,56,57,65 Recently, a new adsorptive method for the isolation of DIMBOA has been reported.49 The impact of benzoxazinoids on the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte) development has been studied.17 The allocation of a hydroxamic acid and biomass during vegetative development of rye has been investigated.27 Effects of benzoxazinoids from maize on survival and fecundity of aphids have been explored.13 DIMBOA concentrations have been measured in various isolines of wheat and corresponding plant introduction lines.55 The variation of the content of several benzoxazinoids in relation to the age and plant organ has been determined in maize plants.12... 

Sue, M., Ishihara, A. and Iwamura, H. 2000. Purification and characterization of a hydroxamic acid glucoside beta-glucosidase from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Planta 210, 432-438... 

Hydroxamic acids are commonly occurring secondary metabolites in cultivated and wild Gramineae.16,27,43 This family of compounds has not been found in cereal seeds, but they can be detected easily in seedlings and mature plants of cereals such as wheat, corn or rye.3 The presence of these compounds is species dependent and is also influenced by the age of the plant, temperature, photoperiod and organ assayed.4,14,19 Their occurrence has been broadly related with the resistance of cereals (corn, wheat, wild rye, giant reed, etc) to insects and disease organisms. 1... 

Argandona, V. H., Niemeyer, H. M., and Corcuera, L. J. 1981. Effect of content and distribution of hydroxamic acids in wheat on infestation by the aphid Schizaphis graminum. Phytochemistry 20, 673-676... 

Petho, M. 1992. Occurrence and physiological role of benzoxazinones and their derivatives. IV. Isolation of hydroxamic acids from wheat and rye root ssecretions. Plant Physiol. Agrochem. 41, 167-175... 

Taken into account that Secale cereale, for instance, exudes DIBOA, which is converted to BOA, root colonizing bacteria may perform 2-aminophenol production, resulting in phenoxazinones, compounds that probably influence the species composition of micro-organisms within the rhizosphere. On the other hand, hydroxamic acid free species coexisting with rye or wheat can have an advantage when 2-aminophenol producing... 

Cyclic hydroxamic acids (11.50) stored in corn and wheat seedlings as their glucosides are released by a glu-... 

H. Ohkawa, and H. Iwamura (2002). Molecular characterization and chromosomal localization of cytochrome P450 genes involved in the biosynthesis of cyclic hydroxamic acids in hexaploid wheat. Mol. Gen. Genet. 267, 210-217. 

Givovich, a., S. Morse, H. Cerda, H. M. Niemeyer, S. D. Wrat-TEN, and P. J. Edwards, Hydroxamic acid glucosides in honey-dew of aphids feeding on wheat, J. Chem. Ecol., 18, 841-846 (1992). 

Con 1 A number of allelopathic agents besides phenolic acids have been identified in wheat tissue/residues, for example, organic acids, hydroxamic acids, and volatile compounds (Patrick 1971 Lynch 1977 Willard and Penner 1976 Tang and Waiss 1978 Buttery et al. 1985 Shilling et al. 1985 Niemeyer et al. 1989 Blum et al. 1991 Wu et al. 2001 Macias et al. 2005 Mathiassen et al. 2006). A number of these are just as or more phytotoxic than simple phenolic acids. 

Niemeyer HM, Pesel ES, Capaja SV, Bravo HR, Franke S, Francke W (1989) Changes in hydroxamic acid levels of wheat plants induced by aphid feeding. Phytochemistry 28 447-449 Nilsson MC (1994) Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphwditum Hagerap. Oecologia 98 1-7 Ohno T (2001) Oxidation of phenolic acid derivatives by soil and its relevance to allelopathic activity. J Environ Qual 30 1631-1635... 

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