Wheat bunt

Trione, E.J. and Ross, W.D. 1988. Lipids as Bioregulators of Teliospore Germination and Sporidial Formation in the Wheat Bunt Fungi Tilletia sp. Mycologia,38-45. 

Wheat bunt can decimate a crop. Some farmers call this fungus "stinking smut" for its ability to reduce healthy grain to a fishy-smelling black powder. The plague can persist in contaminated seed and may contaminate soil to ruin the next year s harvest. Farmers watched the fungus destroy crops for hundreds of years with no relief until mercury-based pesticides provided a partially effective treatment. Then in the middle of the last century the synthetic chemical industry produced a new and highly effective solution hexachlorobenzene (HCB CAS number 118-74-1) [82,83,84]. 

When HCB emerged as an effective solution for wheat bunt, scientists obviously recognized its fungicidal and insecticidal properties but had not characterized the hazards to human health or ecosystems. One scientist, who published his results in an Italian journal in 1954, took an early look at the effects of exposure on mammals [93]. But the data from his study did not allow anyone to predict or prevent a tragedy that was about to unfold some 2,000 kilometers away. 

Yersin, H. 1947. Hexachlorobenzene, a synthetic organic product utilised in the control of wheat bunt. Rev. Appl. Mycol., 26 150-150. 

Foliar Fungicides and Bactericides. Of the - 70,000 t/yr as copper in compounds used in agriculture, almost 75% is used in the control of fungi (see Fungicides, agricultural). The first reference to the use of copper as a fungicide dates to 1761 (83) where copper sulfate was used on wheat seed for the control of bunt. In 1807 (84) the discovery of copper as a fungicide was made and the discovery of Bourdeaux mixture (copper sulfate plus lime) followed in 1882. 

Maksimov I. V. Gherepanova E. A. Surina O. B. (2010) Effect of chitooligosaccharides on peroxidase isoenzyme composition in wheat calli co cultured with bunt causal agent / / Rus. J. of Plant Physiol. V. 57. P. 131-138. 

Indian Bunt of Wheat Indian Licorice Seed Toxin Indian Ocean Ciguatoxin 4 Indischer Weizenbrand Infectious Abortion Infectious Ovine Encephalomyelitis Infectious Porcine Encephalomyelitis Inferno... 

Uses as fungicide for seed treatment to control common bunt and dwarf bunt of wheat. 

Dust for seed treatment containing the active substances copper(I) and copper(II) arsenite has been used with good effect against bunt of wheat. 

Copper(II)tetramminc sulfate (Cu(NH3) SO can be prepared from copper sulfate and ammonium hydroxide. A freshly prepared solution gave the best protection against bunt of wheat, but an excess of ammonium hydroxide considerably reduced its germinating power (Audoynaud, 188S). 

Benzimidazoles. The best-known examples, which were introduced in 1967/8, are Benomyl and Thiabendazole. Both have been widely accepted as broad-spectrum systemic fungicides active against botrytis, powdery mildews, apple scab and as a seed dressing against common bunt of wheat. 

Trione, E.J. 1982. Dwarf bunt of wheat and its importance in international wheat... 

Wiese, M.V. and Smith, N.A. 1978. Common Bunt Again a Threat to Wheat. Extension,... 

Bedi, P.S., Pal, P., Sing, P.S., and Sohi, H.S. (1981). Detection of aflatoxin-producing isolates of Aspergillus flavus from the wheat grains infected with "Karnal" bunt (Neovossia indica). Indian J. Ecol., 8, 304-305. 

Singh, P., and Bedi, P.S. (1984). Aflatoxin producing potential of toxigenic cultures of Aspergillus flavus isolated from "Karnal" bunt infected wheat grains. Indian Phytopathology, 37, 520-523. 

To Control Seed- and Soil-Borne Common Bunt (Stinking Smut) and Dwarf Bunt of Wheat... 

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