What is meant by

The difficulty in stating just what is meant by the surface area of a solid, in... 

By following Section II.B, we shall be more specific about what is meant by strong and weak interactions. It turns out that such a criterion can be assumed, based on whether two consecutive states do, or do not, form a conical intersection or a parabolical intersection (it is important to mention that only consecutive states can form these intersections). The two types of intersections are characterized by the fact that the nonadiabatic coupling terms, at the points of the intersection, become infinite (these points can be considered as the black holes in molecular systems and it is mainly through these black holes that electronic states interact with each other.). Based on what was said so far we suggest breaking up complete Hilbert space of size A into L sub-Hilbert spaces of varying sizes Np,P = 1,..., L where... 

This relation will be used to study geometrical phase effects within the diabatic framework for the FI3 system and its two isotopic analogues. What is meant by... 

Before we are in a position to discuss the viscosity of polymer melts, we must first give a quantitative definition of what is meant by viscosity and then say something about how this property is measured. This will not be our only exposure to experimental viscosity in this volume—other methods for determining bulk viscosity will be taken up in the next chapter and the viscosity of solutions will be discussed in Chap. 9—so the discussion of viscometry will only be introductory. Throughout we shall be concerned with constant temperature experiments conducted under nonturbulent flow conditions. 

It is easiest to appreciate what is meant by mass iadirecdy, by observing the influence of forces on objects, eg, by picking up an object and sensing the effect of the earth s gravitational force acting on it, and hence "feeling" its weight. 

At one time most accidents were said to be due to human error, and in a sense they all are. If someone—designer, manager, operator, or maintenance worker—had done something differently, the accident would not have occurred. However, to see how managers and supervisors can prevent them, we have to look more closely at what is meant by human error-. 

In this chapter we define what is meant by a shock-wave equation of state, and how it is related to other types of equations of state. We also discuss the properties of shock-compressed matter on a microscopic scale, as well as discuss how shock-wave properties are measured. Shock data for standard materials are presented. The effects of phase changes are discussed, the measurements of shock temperatures, and sound velocities of shock materials are also described. We also describe the application of shock-compression data for porous media. 

Explain what is meant by the ideal strength of a material. Show how dislocations can allow metals and alloys to deform plastically at stresses that are much less than the ideal strength. Indicate, giving specific examples, the ways in which metals and alloys may be made harder. 

Explain briefly what is meant by a dislocation. Show with diagrams how the motion of (a) an edge dislocation and (b) a screw dislocation can lead to the plastic deformation of a crystal under an applied shear stress. Show how dislocations can account for the following observations ... 

Explain what is meant by creep in materials. What are the characteristics of a creep-resistant material ... 

Explain what is meant by diffusion in materials. Account for the variation of diffusion rates with (a) temperature, (b) concentration gradient and (c) grain size. 

Describe, in a few words, with an example or sketch where appropriate, what is meant by each of the following ... 

Explain briefly what is meant by the following terms ... 

In this chapter we examine the mechanical properties of ceramics and, particularly, what is meant by their "strength". 

Eirst of all, what is meant by a solid surface Ideally the surface should be defined as the plane at which the solid terminates, that is, the last atom layer before the adjacent phase (vacuum, vapor, liquid, or another solid) begins. Unfortunately such a definition is impractical because the effect of termination extends into the solid beyond the outermost atom layer. Indeed, the current definition is based on that knowledge, and the surface is thus regarded as consisting of that number of atom layers over which the effect of termination of the solid decays until bulk properties are reached. In practice, this decay distance is of the order of 5-20 nm. 

Before diseussing the strueture of a eontrol system it is neeessary to define what is meant by a system. Systems mean different things to different people and ean inelude purely physieal systems sueh as the maehine table of a Computer Numerieally Controlled (CNC) maehine tool or alternatively the proeedures neeessary for the purehase of raw materials together with the eontrol of inventory in a Material Requirements Planning (MRP) system. 

As materials chemistry has developed, it has come to pay more and more attention to that archetypal concern of materials scientists, microstructure. That concern came in early when the defects inherent in non-stoichiometric oxides were studied by the Australian. I.S. Anderson and others (an early treatment was in a book edited by Rabenau 1970), but has become more pronounced recently in the rapidly growing emphasis on self-assembly of molecules or colloidal particles. This has not yet featured much in books on materials chemistry, but an excellent recent popular account of the broad field has a great deal to say on self-assembly (Ball 1997). The phenomenon of graphoepitaxy outlined in Section 10.5.1.1 is a minor example of what is meant by self-assembly. 

Fortunately, most people have an intuitive feel by what is meant by the terms small and particle . Certainly, a ehild s toy marble is small compared to a human, but few people would consider it a particle. Similarly, a pebble is small, but is not generally considered a particle. However, a grain of sand or dust is generally eonsidered a particle. A common similarity is that both sand and dust can readily be made to adhere to a substrate (although perhaps marginally so for the sand) even if the substrate is turned upside down. One needs forces that are... 

Explain what is meant by a sludge displaying thixotropic behavior. 

ISO 9001 is not specific on what is meant by working environment . ISO 9001 only applies to product and factors that affect the product therefore working environment means the environment in which work on product is carried out. If temperature, cleanliness, humidity, electromagnetic, and other environmental factors need to be controlled to ensure conforming product then their control provides a suitable working environment. 

Therefore, one might ask what is meant by the terms hquid and gas. We all know what is the characteristic of a liquid. It has a free surface. However, as soon as we compress the hquid, there is no free surface and the distinction between a gas and liquid is lost. The most logical terminology would be to reserve the terms hquid and vapor for the two coexisting phases and call all other states fluid. A more common terminology is to call the fluid a hquid if its density exceeds the critical density and a gas if its density is lower. Generally speaking, in this chapter we will use the term fluid to describe both the gas and liquid phases and not make any distinction. 

It is very important to understand what is meant by two graphs being the same or different . For this purpose we introduce the notion of graph isomorphism. Two graphs, G and G2, are isomorphic, which we write as Gi = G2, if there exists a bijection ij) V V2 which preserves adjacency (i.e. such that e i,j) 6 Ej if... 

Almost every calculation that you will make in this chapter requires that you know precisely what is meant by a mole. 

Conversions of the type we have just carried out come up over and over again in chemistry. They will be required in nearly every chapter of this text Clearly, you must know what is meant by a mole. Remember, a mole always represents a certain number of items, 6.022 X 1023. Its mass, however, differs with the substance involved A mole of H20,18.02 g, weighs considerably more than a mole of H 2.016 g, even though they both contain the same number of molecules. In the same way, a dozen bowling balls weigh a lot more than a dozen eggs, even though the number of items is the same for both. 

---