Welfare decisions

One way to see if a chemical will hurt people is to learn how the chemical is absorbed, used, and released by the body for some chemicals, animal testing may be necessary. Animal testing may also be used to identify health effects such as cancer or birth defects. Without laboratory animals, scientists would lose a basic method to get information needed to make wise decisions to protect public health. Scientists have the responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion. Laws today protect the welfare of research animals, and scientists must comply with strict animal care guidelines. 

To be a utilitarian implies in the economic area that individual decisions are being made so as to provide as much utility for the individual as possible. The idea is then that the sum of utility-maximizing individuals leads to a maximum welfare for society. The overall idea is that the sum of the decisions taken will maximize society s welfare. 

Neustadt, R.E. and Fineberg, H.V., The Swine Flu Affair Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, DC, 1978. 

Cockburn and Henderson also note there are some grounds for believing that the entry of additional firms into the pharmaceutical research race is not unambiguously welfare-destroying. Competing projects are better described as complements rather than substitutes, and there are significant spillovers of knowledge across firms (p. 508). They conclude that rivalrous research activity is not the dominant factor behind the decision to invest in pharmaceutical research. 

The impact on siblings health and mental welfare, because apparently less acute, was less worthy of attention. Other practitioners were more likely to take account of the compounding distress for siblings but again this was largely framed in terms of decision-making as to the potential use of the sibling as a resource to assist the needs of their client ... 

Throughout the paper we shall be concerned with a descriptive analysis of how individuals reach decisions or, in other words, how they aggregate the judgments reached from different points of view we shall not deal with either prescriptive analysis or the question how an individual s welfare may be measured (cp. Sen 1977a, Section 1). This reference to the aggregation of judgments will naturally remind the reader of social choice theory and, prompted by Bismarck s observation that It goes on as in a republic , we shall bear in mind the... 

Ethics also includes welfare quality what is good quality of life for an animal Therefore, when evaluating animal welfare issues in organic farming systems, we need to understand if particular organic values can be used to help guide decisions regarding appropriate quantity and quality of animal welfare. 

Three elements drive public policy decisions to protect health and welfare from perceived or actual risks regardless of origin (1) identification of the existence or the perception of the existence of the risk ... 

PATENTABILITY. The qualifications for obtaining a patent on an invention of chemical process. These arc (1) the invention must not nave been published in any country or in public use in the U.S., in either case for more than 1 year before the date of filing the application (2) it must not have been known in the IJ.S. before date of invention by the applicant (3) it must not be obvious to an expert in the art (4) it must be useful for a purpose not immoral and not injurious to the public welfare (5) it must fall within the five statutory classes on which patents may be granted, i.e., (a) composition of matter, (b) process of manufacture or treatment, (c) machine, (d) design (ornamental appearance), or (e) a plant produced asexually. Special regulations relate to atomic eneigy developments and subjects directly affecting national security (Robert Calvert). Note In 1980, the Supreme Court m al landmark decision upheld the patentability of synthetic bacteria created by recombinant DNA techniques. 

---