Weight ethoxylated

Alcohol ethoxysulfates (AES) are made by reaction of 3-7 mol of ethylene oxide with a linear C12-C14 primary alcohol to give a low molecular weight ethoxylate, followed by the usual sulfonation. 

ESD are commonly referred to as antistats or antistatic surfactants , and are mostly low molecular weight ethoxylated amines, quaternary ammonium compounds, phosphates (organic) and PEG esters, ethoxylated esters, and others. They are usually applied in quite large quantities (2% or more), either by compounding directly with the plastics and... 

Hantona SD, Pareesa DM, Owensb KG. MALDl PSD of low molecular weight ethoxylated polymers. Int J Mass Spectrom. 2004 238 257-64. 

The kinetics of vinyl acetate emulsion polymeriza tion in the presence of alkyl phenyl ethoxylate surfactants of various chain lengths indicate that part of the emulsion polymerization occurs in the aqueous phase and part in the particles (115). A study of the emulsion polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of sodium lauryl sulfate reveals that a water-soluble poly(vinyl acetate)—sodium dodecyl sulfate polyelectrolyte complex forms, and that latex stabihty, polymer hydrolysis, and molecular weight are controlled by this phenomenon (116). 

In addition to copolymerisation, polyethylenes terrninated as ketones, alcohols, and carboxyHc acids with molecular weights as high as 700 daltons are now available. The products offer the same chemical functionaHty as common fatty alcohols and acids, but are higher melting and harder. Similar to the fatty alcohols and acids, derivatives such as ethoxylates, esters, and amides also are available as higher melting versions of the fatty derivatives. 

Figure 6.9 Ethoxylation molecular weight distribution with base and Lewis acid catalysts.

Gilsonite is active as a fluid loss additive because the permeability of cement is reduced. Latex additives also act as fluid loss additives. They also act as bonding aids, gas migration preventers, and matrix intensifiers. They improve the elasticity of the cement and the resistance to corrosive fluids [921]. A styrene-butadiene latex in combination with nonionic and anionic surfactants shows less fluid loss. The styrene-butadiene latex is added in an amount up to 30% by weight of the dry cement. The ratio of styrene to butadiene in the latex is typically 2 1. In addition, a nonionic surfactant (octylphenol ethoxylate and polyethylene oxide) or an anionic surfactant, a copolymer of maleic anhydride, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate [719] can be added in amounts up to 2%. 

A branched, high-molecular-weight condensation product of cardanol, an alkylphenol, and an aldehyde can be further ethoxylated and may be sul-fonated by the addition of sodium bisulfite in the presence of a free radical... 

Comparison of Retention Properties of Three Desorbents with an Increasing Degree of Ethoxylation The individual behavior of three nonionic desorbents (NP 14, 30 and 100 E.O) is compared in Figure 8. Slug size was 1.16 PV in those tests. The outflow of the tracer indicates the slug front of the additive injected. The concentration used was 5 g/1 in all tests. On a weighted basis, it was the NP 30 E.O., that led to the lowest final retention, i.e. 0.30 mg/g of rock (Table II). 

Amine-epoxy resin systems, 10 443 Amine equivalent weight (AEW), 10 399 Amine ethoxylates, 24 150-151 Amine extractants, 10 791 Amine functional curing agents,... 

For dodecanol ethoxylate, when EO number is larger than 8, the aggregate weight decreases with the increase in EO number (13). 

Triton X-200 was used to study the effects of ethoxylation on the sulfonates. Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants were investigated using Synfac 8216 obtained from the Milliken Corporation. This was stated to be 100% active with a molecular weight of 1100-1200. HPLC showed this surfactant to be a mixture of several components. 

Phenol ethoxylates differ from the previous four categories in that they are non-ionic materials. Although not widely used, they are very effective at low addition levels and solutions of 2-4% by weight in water perform satisfactorily at low dosage level. The most common material is nonylphenol ethoxylate, and limited studies [12] have indicated that the higher value of n in Fig. 3.4 is the most effective. 

Ortho ester linkages can also be used to improve biodegradation properties in long chain ethoxylates or block copolymers. It has been shown that a conventional PEG-PPG copolymer with a molecular weight of 2200 biodegrades to only 3% in 28 days. However, if an equivalent molecule is built up from PEG 350 and PPG 400, connected by ortho ester links, it will reach 62% biodegradation within 28 days and thus be classified as readily biodegradable [64]. 

Trejo etal. [225, 226] have also investigated the influence of several ethoxylated additives (ethyleneglycol and PEG polymers of different molecular weights) on the nucleation, growth mechanism, and morphology of zinc electrodeposited on GG from an acidic chloride bath. Results have shown that the presence of additives modifies the nucleation process and determines the properties of the deposits. 

Inaredient Weight % Kerr McGee Mineral Seal Oil 20.0 Emulsifier Four-HF 15.0 9-10 mole ethoxylated nonionic 1.0 Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 3.0 Tap Water 61.0... 

The resulting methyl (or ethyl) iodide is converted into silver iodide by the action of alcoholic silver nitrate, and the number of methoxyl (or ethoxyl) groups calculated from the weight of silver iodide formed. 

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