Weight as a function

One distinguishes preparatory distillations that are designed to separate the fractions for subsequent analysis from non-preparatory analytical distillations that are performed to characterize the feed itself. For example, the distillation curve that gives the recovered volume or weight as a function of the distillation temperature characterizes the volatility of the sample. 

The main justification for diesel fuel desulfurization is related to particulate emissions which are subject to very strict rules. Part of the sulfur is transformed first into SO3, then into hydrated sulfuric acid on the filter designed to collect the particulates. Figure 5.21 gives an estimate of the variation of the particulate weights as a function of sulfur content of diesel fuel for heavy vehicles. The effect is greater when the test cycle contains more high temperature operating phases which favor the transformation of SO2 to SO3. This is particularly noticeable in the standard cycle used in Europe (ECE R49). 

Unfortunately, there are many expressions in the literature that give molecular weight as a function of diffusivity, and the most appropriate expression must be identified in order to permit a reasonably accurate value for the molecular weight to be calculated. Thus, the diffusivities of a large number of solutes of known molecular weight need to be measured in a solvent that is commonly used in the liquid chromatography, so that a practical relationship between diffusivity and molecular weight can be identified. 

Utilization of a microfabricated rf coil and gradient set for viscosity measurements has recently been demonstrated [49]. Shown in Figure 4.7.9 is the apparent viscosity of aqueous CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose, sodium salt) solutions with different concentrations and polymer molecular weights as a function of shear rate. These viscosity measurements were made using a microfabricated rf coil and a tube with id = 1.02 mm. The shear stress gradient, established with the flow rate of 1.99 0.03 pL s-1 was sufficient to observe shear thinning behavior of the fluids. 

Figure 10 On-line determination of molecular weight and branching by light scattering. (A) Molecular weight as a function of elution volume. (B) Dependence of branching index, gM, on molecular weight. (From Yu, L. P. and Rollings, J. E., /. Appl. Polym. Sci., 33, 1909, 1987. With permission.)...

Mia X s weight as a function of the date in February. The straight line is by a least-squares fit to the experimental dam (see Chapter 13). 

Figure 2,13 Schematic representation of the effect of polymerization mechanism on the rate of monomer usage and the average molecular weight as a function of the time of the reaction...

Kowblansky et A1 (19) have also measured the intrinsic viscosity of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide of a given molecular weight as a function of r for a - 1 and their results can be fitted by the expression ... 

Using this expression, with data on body weight as a function of age (Altman and Dittmer, 1972), one gets the breathing rates relative to adult values shown in Figure 8. These correspond to rates of 0.095, 0.34, 0.48 and 0.61 m3 per h at birth, 2, 6 and 10 years, respectively, relative to an adult rate of 0.75 m3 per h. The NEA and NCRP have assumed generally lower rates of intake by children (NEA, 1983 NCRP, 1984). 

Figure 5.8 Molecular weight as a function of the square root of time at various solid-state temperatures (under a nitrogen purge at a rate of 1 l/min) [8]. From Jabarin, S. A. and Lofgren, E. A., J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 28, 5315 (1983), Copyright John Wiley Sons, Inc., 1983. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Figure 5.9 Effect of crystallinity on the solid-state polycondensation of PET, shown as the number-average molecular weight as a function of time. Conditions fluidized bed polymerization at 230°C particle size, 35-48 mesh superficial velocity of nitrogen, 43cm/s [6]. From Chang, T. M., Polym. Eng. Sci., 10, 364 (1970), and reproduced with permission of the Society of Plastics Engineers...

Fig. 11. Variation ofTc of [3H]PVP360 transport in solutions of dextran of varying molecular weight as a function of the specific viscosity of the dextran solution (n5PM). Dextran M 1.04 x 10 ( ) Klw 2.04xl(P (O) M - 6.94 x 10 (A) Klw = 15.4x 10 (A) 511...

Figure 3.15. The dissociation of /3-lactoglobulin B at low pH. Idealized curves for the weight-average molecular weight as a function of concentration from sedimentation equilibrium measurements. = pH 2.58, ionic strength 0.15 = pH 2.20, ionic strength 0.15 = pH 2.58, ionic strength 0.10. 40.2 fringes - 10 g/liter. (From Albright and Williams 1968. Reprinted with permission of AVI Publishing Co., Westport, Conn.)...

Fio. 3. Sedimentation coefficient and molecular weight as functions of pH. (A) Sedimentation coefficients as a function of pH. (O) s°0 w values were determined for samples adjusted from neutral pH to each pH value. The concentrations were 72 mg/ml, except at pH 5 and pH 4, where they were 4j0 mg/ml in 0.01 Af tris-0.01 Af sodium acetate. (0) s°0 w values were determined for samples adjusted from neutral pH to the given pH. Concentrations were 0.62 mg/ml in 0.1 Af NaCl-0.01 Af tris-0.01 M sodium acetate. ( ) s° w values were determined for samples prepared at pH 2, then dialyzed at the appropriate pH. Concentrations were 0.62 mg/ml in 0.1 M NaCl-0.01 Af tris-0.01 M sodium acetate. (O) Determinations with Schlieren optics all other determinations were made with the use of ultraviolet optics with the photoelectric scanner. (B) Weight average molecular weight as a function of pH. (0) M values were determined for samples adjusted from neutral pH to each pH indicated, by dialysis, 0.62 mg/ml, in 0.1 M NaCl-0.01 M tris-0.01 M sodium acetate. (O) Mw values were determined for samples prepared at pH 2, then dialyzed at the appropriate pH, 0.62 mg/ml in 0.1 M NaCl-0.01 Af tris-0.01 Af sodium acetate. 

Fig. 1.97.4. Weight (%) as a function of temperature of freeze-dried X-interferon measured by the thermogravi metric (TG) method and the derivative of weight overtime (DTG)...

Fio. 22. Percentage of coke by weight as a function of volume fraction of light East Texas gas oil present in cumene. 

Table 8.3. Molecular Weight as a Function of Pore Size in Gels...

Fig. 29 Linear growth rates from melt of extended-chain crystals of PEO fractions 3000, 4000 and 6000 molecular weight as a function of crystallization temperature (re-plotted from [18]). Dashed lines are maximum slope tangents (after [25])...

Weight Loss. Of all the methods the weight loss method is the most simple, requiring only the calculation of the difference in weight as a function of time. However, the method also has some serious disadvantages, the major one being that no qualitative information can be obtained about the active ingredient. 

Fig. 13 Molecular weight as a function of the applied radiation dose for Pluronic F127 after irradiation of oxygen-free aqueous solutions (Ar- and N2O-saturated) at different concentrations (10% and 30%) and temperatures (5°C and 25°C). Experimental values correspond to the points in the phase diagram (see Fig. 12). (Reproduced from [51], copyright Wiley-VCH, reproduced with permission)...

Fig. 15 Pulse irradiation of PVP (Kollidon) and PVP-PAA complexes at different unit molar ratios (UM = [PAA]/([PAA] + [PVP])) of carboxylic groups. Measurements were conducted at pH 10. Left Molecular weight as a function of the radiation dose. Right Radius of gyration as a function of the radiation dose. (Reprinted from [22], copyright 2009, with permission of Elsevier)...

Figure 1 Polymer molecular weight as a function of monomer conversion in chain growth, step growth, and living polymerizations.

In contrast, transfer reactions may not be detected by following the monomer conversion if the rate of reinitiation is comparable to that of propagation. In this case, transfer is detected by a nonlinear dependence of the polymer molecular weight as a function of monomer conversion or polymer yield (Fig. 3) termination does not affect the number of chains... 

F. 8. Rate of salt uptake from 0.02 N salt solution by thermally r nerable plum pudding resins containing the same De-Acidite G and Zeo-K.arb 226 plums, and 30% matrix by weight, as a function of the nature of matrix. Particle size 14-52 mesh, BSS, base resin to acid resin ratio 2 5. (1) ethyl cellulose (2) polysalt (3) crosslinked poly (vinyl alcohol) (4) normal De-Acidite G and Zeo-I b 226 mixed bed... 

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