Waxy lines

Source Data from Yamamori, M., and N. T. Quynh. 2000. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100 32-38. 

Notes + = presence of Wx protein - = absence of Wx protein. App. am (%) = apparent amylose content. 

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Ionomer resins consisting of ethylene—methacrylic acid copolymers partially neutralized with sodium or zinc were commercially introduced in 1964 by Du Pont under the Sudyn trademark (1). More recently, a similar line of products, sold as Hi-Mdan resins, has been commercialized by Mitsui—Du Pont in Japan. lolon ionomeric resins, based on ethylene—acrylic acid, are produced by Exxon in Belgium. Ionomers containing about 1 mol % of carboxylate groups are offered by BP in Europe as Novex resins. Low molecular weight, waxy Aclyn ionomers are produced and sold by AHiedSignal. 

In the 1930s when high-pressure natural gas (95% methane) pipelines were being built in the United States, it was found that the lines often became plugged in cold weather by a white, waxy solid that contained both water and methane (CFIJ molecules. Twenty years later. Walter Claussen at the University of Illinois deduced Ihe structure of that solid, a hydrate of methane. Notice (Figure B) that CH4 molecules are trapped within a three-dimensional cage of H20 molecules. 

Synthesis of CHDM/BA and CHDM/PDA Polyester Resins Described in Tables III and IV. CHDM, brassylic acid (or dodecandioic acid) and "Fascat 4100 in a mol ratio of 2/1/0.005 and 5 wt % of xylene were placed in a three-necked, 250-mL round-bottomed flask fitted with line, a thermometer, an Ace temperature controller, a heating mantle, a mechanical stirrer, a steam-heated Allihn partial condenser with a xylene-filled Barrett moisture test receiver below the Allihn condenser and a total condenser above it. The mixture was heated to about 140 without stirring to melt the reactants and stirring was started. Heating was continued to 205 C. A slow N sweep was maintained throughout the reaction. About 95 to 100% of the theoretical water was collected in the Barrett receiver. Upon cooling the reaction mixtures partially solidified to white waxy solids which liquified when heated to about 40 C. Acid numbers were < 1 mg of KOH/g of resin. 

This non-ASTM method is utilized to help predict the tendency of waxy fuel to plug small lines leading from outdoor fuel storage tanks. Fuel which flows from storage through smaller transfer lines may deposit wax on the internal surface of these lines or onto filter screens. Accumulation of wax can restrict or halt the flow of fuel from the system. This problem usually occurs slightly below the cloud point of the fuel. 

Eight combinations (types 1-8, Table 10.12) of Wx-Al, Wx-Bl and Wx-Dl proteins are possible in common wheats.257 Near-isogenic lines of the eight types of wheats showed apparent amylose levels of 3% to 25%, as determined by the blue color of the amylose-iodine complex.266 The amylose level in wheat kernels increases positively with the level of waxy proteins.257,269 271 In the double nulls, the Wx-Al protein in type 5 wheat produces —3% less amylose than the Wx-Bl and Wx-Dl proteins (types 6 and 7, respectively). In the single nulls, compared to the wild type (type 1), absence of Wx-Bl (type 3) reduces the amylose content by —2% compared to —1% for the absence of either of the other two waxy proteins (types 2... 

Obihiro,Tsukuba and Nagoya, Japan Near-isogenic lines of hexaploid wheats were produced with all combinations of waxy proteins double nulls contained up to 6-9% less amylose compared with the wild-type 266... 

The procedure was to clear the transfer fine of the waxy material with compressed air supply just before the transfer fine was put in service. On the evening of the accident, an operator connected an air hose to a 90 psig (6 bar) supply to clear the entire 200 meters (600 ft.) of feed line. The operator then walked to the elevated tank to determine if air could be heard rushing out of the tank vent. He heard nothing. The operator spoke to two maintenance employees working near the end of the 20-m3 (700 ft3 or 5,300 gallon) tank and left the area to find his supervisor. Shortly after that, one end of the tank blew off, and the two maintenance mechanics plunged some 40 ft. (12 m) to their deaths. [7]... 

The fatty/waxy products contained the lipophilic substances, including fatty oils, waxes, resins and colorants. Valuable pharmacological effects were proved for some minor constituents of these products (e.g. triterpenes, diterpenes, sterols and carotenoids). Thin layer chromatography and on-line UV-VIS spectroscopy were used for the quick identification and quantity determination of these compounds using authentic samples as standards. The SFE method proved favorable in terras of both extraction yield and speed of carotenoids. The CO2 extracts of the lavandin, clary sage and thyme have been enriched in triterpenic compounds (a-es P-amyrin, oleanic acid, ursolic acid, etc.) and phytosterols. Both free and esterified triterpenoids were present in the extracts of the different samples. Furthermore camosol and other diterpenes were detected in the SFE extract of Lamiaceae plants. The fatty acid composition was only slightly different for extracts obtained by SFE and conventional hexane extraction. 

The procedure was to clear the transfer line of the waxy material with a compressed air supply just before the transfer line was put in service. On the evening of the accident, an operator connected an air hose to a 90 psig (6 bar) supply to clear the entire 200 meters (600 ft.) of feed line. The operator then walked to the elevated tank to determine if air... 

Scaly buds are such as have their outer leaf rudiments transformed into scales there are often coated with a waxy or resinous substance without and a downy lining within, to protect them from sudden changes in climate. Buds of this character are common among shrubs and trees of temperate regions. 

Kou, Y., Dickinson, L.C., and Chinachoti, P. Mobility characterization of waxy corn starch using wide-line H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance, /. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 5489, 2000. 

In any determination of the pour point, petroleum that contains wax produces an irregular flow behavior when the wax begins to separate. Such petroleum possesses viscosity relationships that are difficult to predict in pipeline operation. In addition, some waxy petroleum is sensitive to heat treatment that can also affect the viscosity characteristics. This complex behavior limits the value of viscosity and pour point tests on waxy petroleum. However, laboratory pumpabUity tests (ASTM D-3245, IP 230) are available that give an estimate of minimum handling temperature and minimum line or storage temperature. 

Epidermoid cyst Fibrous wall lined by inner keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium cyst contains waxy squames Keratin (-r) CP angle temporal lobe spinal dura pineal sella brainstem CNS... 

Broad-line nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study melting in stearic acid and a mesomorphic crystalline to waxy) phase transition in lithium stearate. Extensive motion, liquidlike, though less extensive than that in an isotropic free-flowing liquid, takes place within the system below the melting point of stearic acid or the crystalline to waxy phase transition of lithium stearate. The amount of liquid-like character, as measured by the intensity of a narrow component in the NMR spectrum relative to the total intensity of the whole spectrum, depends on the presence of impurities in the system and even more significantly on whether and how many times the sample has been melted. 

Figure 9. Line widths of waxy phases of anhydrous NaS, NaP, NaM, and NaL as function of temperature (16)...

The order of the line widths of the waxy phases deserves some comment. There is some correlation between the line widths and the lengths of the hydrocarbon portion of the molecules. With perhaps the exception of NaL, the line widths increase as the chains become shorter. At most temperatures the order of the line widths is NaM > NaL > NaP > NaS. It is expected that a longer chain will be more mobile and thus have a sharper line. The order of the line widths in a given soap is without exception subwaxy > waxy > superwaxy > subneat the neat phase is not found in the temperature range covered in this study. As expected, the line widths decrease with increasing temperature. 

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