Streptococcus faecium

A representative example of a biocatalytic membrane electrode is an electrode for L-arginine The bacterium streptococcus faecium is immobilized on the gas permeable membrane of an ammonia electrode. Arginine deiminase in the bacterium catalyzes the following reaction... 

Active ingredient % in plastic Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus faecium Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli... 

As diarrhea is a known and common complication of antibiotic therapy, many approaches have been used for prevention. The use of probiotics administered with the antibiotic is appealing. A probiotic is a live microbial food supplement that beneficially affects the host animal, improving its microbial balance [67], Certain probiotics can reduce the risk and duration of diarrhea [68]. Agents used in prevention of AAD include lactobacilli, such as Lactobacillus GG, Streptococcus faecium, bifidobacteria and the yeast S. boulardii. 

Teichoic acids are often covalently attached to glycolipids which are part of the plasma membrane. For example, the glycerolteichoic acid of Streptococcus faecium contains about 28 monomer units of glycerol phosphate, approximately 60% of which carry residues of kojibiose (Glual —> 2Glu) as a phosphatidylkojibiosyl diacylglycerol membrane anchor.600 Teichuronic acids contain uronic acids ... 

A Grossato, YR Cheng, E Tonin, P Jacques, R Fontana. Purification of Streptococcus faecium penicillin-binding protein 5, a multifunctional penicillin-binding protein. Microbiologica 9 21-28, 1986. 

Carboxypyrazine A -oxides have been prepared by hydrolysis of carbamoyl- and alkoxycarbonylpyrazine A(-oxides as follows (reagent and conditions) 2-carbamoyl-pyrazine 1-oxide (10% NaOH/reflux/12h) (838) 3-carbamoylpyrazine 1-oxide (10% NaOH/reflux/30 min) (1266, cf. 838) 3-A(-acetylcarbamoylpyrazine 1-oxide (10% NaOH/heat) (1057) 3-morpholinocarbonylpyrazine 1-oxide (18% HQ/reflux/ 8h) (870) 2-hydroxy-5-methoxycarbonylpyrazine 1-oxide 2.5N NaOH/20-25°/ 20min) (739) 3-hydroxy-5-methoxycarbonylpyrazine 1-oxide (KOH/22 /2h gave 3-carboxy-5-hydroxypyrazine 1-oxide, which interfered with the growth of Streptococcus faecium Escherichia coli at 6 x lO and 4 x 10" M, respectively) (1035) 2-amino-3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-methyIpyrazine 1-oxide 2N NaOH/reflux/ 30min) (365c) and 2-amino-5-chloro-3-methoxycarbonylpyrazine 1-oxide 2.5N NaOH/heat) (876,1222). 

Diazaquinomycin A (257) is produced by a Streptomyces species and exhibits antibacterial activity. It is also an antimetabolite of folate metabolism in Streptococcus faecium. Its structural analogs were synthesized (83TL3643). 

Triterpenoid Carotenoids. Two novel triterpenoid xanthophylls from Streptococcus faecium have been identified " as 4,4 -diapo-7, 8 -dihydro-i/, / -caroten-4-al (16) and 4,4 -diapo-i/, A-caroten-4-al (17). Two other C30 carotenoids, jS-citraurinene 8 -apo-/S-caroten-3-ol (18)] and /8-citrauroP [8 -apo-/3-carotene-3,8 -diol (19)], both isolated from citrus fruits, are likely to be derived from C40 carotenoids. Spectroscopic data were presented for both compounds. 

Underdahl, N.R., Torres- Medina, A., and Doster, A.R. 1982. Effect of Streptococcus faecium C63 in control of Escherichia co/z-induced diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 43, 2227-2232. Vandenbergh, P.A. 1993. Lactic acid bacteria, their metabolic products and interference with microbial growth. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 12, 221-238. 

Schleifer KH, Kilpper-Balz R (1984) Transfer of Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium to the genus Enterococcus nom. rev. as Enterococcus faecalis comb. nov. and Enterococcus faecium comb. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 34 31-34 Schleifer KH, Kilpper-Balz R (1987) Molecular and chemotaxonomic approaches to the classification of streptococci, enterococci and lactococd a review. Syst Appl Microbiol 6 1-19 Semedo T, Santos MA, Lopes MFS, Marques JJF, Crespo MTB, Tenreiro R (2003) Virulence factors in food, chnical and reference enterococci a common trait in the genus Syst Appl Microbiol 26 13-22... 

On the market there are preparations containing mixtures of dried bacteria used in diarrhoea and for normalisation of the bacterial flora (after oral antibiotic therapy). An example is the following mixture Streptococcus faecium, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. 

Curiously, the P-l,4-N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase from Streptococcus faecium appears to be linked covalently to about twelve residues of monomeric 5-mercaptouridine-5 -monophosphate, possibly via phosphodiester linkage to phenolic hydroxy groups of tyrosine residues. This nucleotide had not previously been observed in any organism. Transfer RNA is a perennial source of unusual nucleotides, and evidence has been presented that 2 -0-ribosyladenosine (9) occurs in the T-Y stem of yeast methionine initiator tRNA. There appears, in addition, to be a phosphate group attached to (90), but its position has not been determined unequivocally beyond the fact that it is not at the 3 - or 5 - positions of the adenosine... 

AJ Isquith, WR Chesbro. Pools, confluxes and transport of amino acids in Streptococcus faecium. Biochem Biophys Acta 1963 74 642-646. 

Grim Y, Kopecek J. Bioadhesive water-soluble polymeric carriers for site-specific oral drug delivery. Synthesis, characterisation and relesae of 5-aminosalicylic acid by Streptococcus faecium in vitro. New Polym Mater 1991 3 49-59. 

Novobiocin also causes chaining in Streptococcus faecium [23], although this effect is not produced in all cocci [13]. The induction of spheroplasts in Escherichia coli by novobiocin has also been reported [24] and, in fact, the antibiotic has been recommended for preparing spheroplasts in Gramnegative bacteria [25]. In contrast, however, it has been shown by various workers [26-28] that novobiocin does not induce spheroplasts in Serratia marcescens or in various strains of E. coli and [28] that it may even prevent spheroplast induction caused by benzylpenicillin in hypertonic medium (Figure 2.1). 

The autolytic enzyme lysozyme, ( ensoluble form from insoluble cell wall-autolytic enzyme complexes by treatment with dilute NaOH at 0 Treatment of cell wall-enzyme complexes, obtained from either exponential-or stationary-phase cells, with 0.008 to 0.01 N NaOH gave maximum yields of autolytic enzyme activity. At a fixed concentration of NaOH, the yield of autolysin increased with increasing wall densities and was accompanied by the release of methylpentose and phosphorus in amounts proportional to the autolysin. Since extraction of wall-enzyme complexes with 4.5 M LiCl at 0 C also removed methylpentose and phosphorus, release of enzyme with NaOH did not appear to result from hydrolysis of covalent linkages. The autolytic enzyme activity released from intact cells, or cell walls, was predominantly in the latent... 

Coliforms and enterococci are commonly used as indicators of unsanitary conditions in food processing. Clarke et al. [94] isolated enterococci from 18 out of 35 dehydrated vegetable samples. They found coliforms in 18 and enterococci and coliforms in 15 samples. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between number of enterococci and coliforms. The predominant species recovered from enterococci was Streptococcus faecium (60%) and from coliforms was Aerobacter (56%). 

The principal representatives of this group, Streptococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecium, can also be detected easily using cultures under... 

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