Water-soaking method

Rowell, R.M. and Ellis, W.D. (1978). Determination of the dimensional stabilization of wood using the water-soak method. Wood and Fiber, 10(4), 104—111. 

Table VIII. Volumetric Swelling Coefficients (S) and ASE as Determined by the Water-Soaking Method...

Asphalts and waxes can be removed by dissolving in hot naphtha for 3 to 4 hours. The naphtha benefits from the addition of 0.1% of a water-soluble surfactant (HLB value of 15-20, such as polyethylene glycol 600 monolaurate) and 0.1% of an oil-soluble surfactant (HLB value of 0-5, such as propylene glycol monstearate). The solution must be circulated fill-and-soak methods are unsatisfactory. 

The use of a water-soaking, oven-drying series of cycles for the determination of dimensional stability of wood is a severe test (although it may produce useful data) and it does not necessarily reflect the conditions that wood will encounter in service conditions. As a result, some workers determine dimensional stability by subjecting samples to different relative humidities. It can be readily understood that dimensional stability values determined using different methods will not be comparable and it therefore needs to be explicitly stated how these values were obtained. 

There have been several initial applications of the NMR method to the study of solids of catalytic interest. Selwood and co-workers (14) have measured proton relaxation times (Ti) of water-soaked 7-aluminas containing iron oxide, copper oxide, and chromium oxide. 

UMEs used in our laboratory were constructed by sealing of carbon fibre into low viscosity epoxy resin (see Fig. 32.4) [118]. This method is simple, rapid and no specialised instrumentation is required. Firstly, the fibres are cleaned with this aim. They are immersed in dilute nitric acid (10%), rinsed with distilled water, soaked in acetone, rinsed again with distilled water and dried in an oven at 70°C. A single fibre is then inserted into a 100- iL standard micropipette tip to a distance of 2 cm. A small drop of low-viscosity epoxy resin (A. R. Spurr, California) is carefully applied to the tip of the micropipette. Capillary action pulls the epoxy resin, producing an adequate sealing. The assembly is placed horizontally in a rack and cured at 70°C for 8h to ensure complete polymerization of the resin. After that, the electric contact between the carbon fibre and a metallic wire or rod is made by back-filling the pipette with mercury or conductive epoxy resin. Finally, the micropipette tip is totally filled with epoxy resin to avoid the mobility of the external connection. Then, the carbon fibre UME is ready. An optional protective sheath can be incorporated to prevent electrode damage. 

M. Gupta, J, Yang, and C. Roy, Density of Softwood Bark and Softwood Char Procedural Calibradon and Measurement by Water Soaking and Kerosene Immersion Method. Manuscript in preparation. 

Soaking. The soaking method is used for hard-to-clean, baked-on grease and soils. One or two squirts of the product are added directly to the cookware, which is filled with hot water and left to soak for a period of time. After soaking, the items are cleaned with much less effort since the soils have been loosened. Typical soak concentrations are 0.2 to 0.5%, temperatures are usually those of domestic hot water supplies (40 to 50°C), and time is 10 to 15 minutes. 

Performance and durability of wood products bonded with isocyanate and urethane adhesives have been the subject of several investigations. The strength of composition board is generally determined by its modulus of rupture (MOR), which is a flexure to break test its modulus of elasticity (MOE), or stiffness and its internal bond strength (IB), or tensile strength. These tests are run on dry and on water-soaked or wet samples, and are described in ASTM test method D 1037. As compared to phenol-formaldehyde adhesives, composition boards prepared with isocyanate or urethane adhesives are reported to display similar or superior initial strengths. Moisture resistance of isocyanate-bound par-... 

Tendency of a material to absorb moisture from the surrounding environment. Can be assessed by more than one method, including water soak or in an increased pressure and humidity environment. 

Heat-exchanger shells are normally chemically cleaned using the circulation or the fill and soak method. If the tube bundle is removable, mechanical cleaning with high-pressure or ultra-high-pressure water is good practice. 

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