Water Raman scattering

Fig. 6. (a) HSA and (b) BSA emission spectra at several values of photon flux density (see text) (1) is fluorescence and (2) is water Raman scattering band, (c) Saturation and (d) kinetic curves for BSA fluorescence was registered at 390 (squares) and 310 (circles) nm. Lines are plotted using model (lb) and Eqs. (2b, c) for parameters from the Table 2. 

Peacock, T.G., Carder, K.L., Davis, C.O., and Steward, R.G. (1990). Effects of fluorescence and water Raman scattering on models of remote-sensing reflectance. In R.W. Spinrad (Ed.), Ocean Optics X, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. 1302, 303-319. 

Nardone M, Ricci M A and Benassi P 1992 Brillouin and Raman scattering from liquid water J. Mol. 

With the microfocus instrument it is possible to combine the weak Raman scattering of liquid water with a water-immersion lens on the microscope and to determine spectra on precipitates in equilibrium with the mother liquor. Unique among characterization tools, Raman spectroscopy will give structural information on solids that are otherwise unstable when removed from their solutions. 

Chen, Y. X. and Tian, Z. Q. (1997) Dependence of surface enhanced Raman scattering of water on the hydrogen evolution reaction. Chem. Phys. Lett., 281, 379-383. 

Beryllium(II) is the smallest metal ion, r = 27 pm (2), and as a consequence forms predominantly tetrahedral complexes. Solution NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) (59-61) and x-ray diffraction studies (62) show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be the solvated species in water. In the solid state, x-ray diffraction studies show [Be(H20)4]2+ to be tetrahedral (63), as do neutron diffraction (64), infrared, and Raman scattering spectroscopic studies (65). Beryllium(II) is the only tetrahedral metal ion for which a significant quantity of both solvent-exchange and ligand-substitution data are available, and accordingly it occupies a... 

Murphy T., Schmidt H., Kronfeldt H., Use of sol-gel techniques in the development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates suitable for in situ detection of chemicals in sea-water, Appl. Phys. B, 1999 69(2) 147-150. 

In contrast to Raman scattering, the absorption of infrared (IR) radiation is a first-order process, and in principle a surface or an interface can generate a sufficiently strong signal to yield good IR spectra [6]. However, most solvents, in particular water, absorb strongly in the infrared. There is no special surface enhancement effect, and the signal from the interface must be separated from that of the bulk of the solution. 

Effect of Underpotentially Deposited Lead on the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering of Interfacial Water at Silver Electrode Surfaces... 

The technique of stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) has been demonstrated as a practical method for the simultaneous measurement of diameter, number density and constituent material of micrometer-sized droplets. 709 The SRS method is applicable to all Raman active materials and to droplets larger than 8 pm in diameter. Experimental studies were conducted for water and ethanol mono-disperse droplets in the diameter range of 40-90 pm. Results with a single laser pulse and multiple pulses showed that the SRS method can be used to diagnose droplets of mixed liquids and ensembles of polydisperse droplets. 

J. B. Snow, S.-X. Qian, and R. K. Chang, Stimulated Raman scattering from individual water and ethanol droplets at morphology-dependent resonances, Opt Lett 10, 37-39 (1985). 

In addition to the indirect experimental evidence coming from work function measurements, information about water orientation at metal surfaces is beginning to emerge from recent applications of a number of in situ vibrational spectroscopic techniques. Infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and second harmonic generation have been used to investigate the structure of water at different metal surfaces, but the pictures emerging from all these studies are not always consistent, partially because of surface modification and chemical adsorption, which complicate the analysis. 

Fig. 28. Raman scattering data for bulk material and a droplet of glycerol/water compared with a calculated spectrum. Reprinted with permission from Thum, R., and Kiefer, W.. Applied Optics 24, 1515-1519, Copyright 1985, The Optical Society of America.

Cheng, J.-X., Pautot, S., Weitz, D. A., and Xie, X. S. 2001b. Ordering of water molecules between phospholipids bilayers visualized by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Proc. Nat Acad. Sci. 100 9826-30. 

Raman scattering in water is used as a sensitivity test for fluorimeters. The test consists of measuring the signal to noise ratio of the Raman peak using a cell filled with water. For example, signal/noise will be measured at 397 nm (25191 cm1) if the excitation energy used is 350 nm (28571 cm 1). 

When an electron is injected into a polar solvent such as water or alcohols, the electron is solvated and forms so-called the solvated electron. This solvated electron is considered the most basic anionic species in solutions and it has been extensively studied by variety of experimental and theoretical methods. Especially, the solvated electron in water (the hydrated electron) has been attracting much interest in wide fields because of its fundamental importance. It is well-known that the solvated electron in water exhibits a very broad absorption band peaked around 720 nm. This broad absorption is mainly attributed to the s- p transition of the electron in a solvent cavity. Recently, we measured picosecond time-resolved Raman scattering from water under the resonance condition with the s- p transition of the solvated electron, and found that strong transient Raman bands appeared in accordance with the generation of the solvated electron [1]. It was concluded that the observed transient Raman scattering was due to the water molecules that directly interact with the electron in the first solvation shell. Similar results were also obtained by a nanosecond Raman study [2]. This finding implies that we are now able to study the solvated electron by using vibrational spectroscopy. In this paper, we describe new information about the ultrafast dynamics of the solvated electron in water, which are obtained by time-resolved resonance Raman spectroscopy. 

Resonance Raman scattering from solvated electrons in water... 

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