Scattering from a Liquid

Light scattering from a solution is due both to the scattering from local density fluctuations and to the scattering from the solvent [9,18], This scattering may be described by the Rayleigh scattering ratio [9,18]  

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The surface structures of ionic liquids have been studied by direct recoil spectrometry. In this experiment, a pulsed beam of 2-3 keV inert gas ions is scattered from a liquid surface, and the energies and intensities of the scattered and sputtered (recoiled) ions are measured as a function of the incident angle, a, of the ions. Figure 4.1-16 shows a scheme of the process for both the scattered and sputtered ions. 

Keating, D. T. Interpretation of the Neutron or X-Ray Scattering from a Liquid-Like Binary. J. Appl. Phys. 34, 923 (1963). 

Fig. 5. Angular distribution of the light scattered from a liquid (left) and frozen (right) water droplet illuminated with parallel polarized light. The perpendicular auid parallel polarized component of the scattered light is given in the upper and lower part of the image respectively.

In order to simulate gaseous atoms scattering from a liquid surface that represents a realistic sampling of the various chemical and surface features, various input conditions should be considered to enable a connection to the experimental conditions. The following conditions are what we have chosen for our models. After an... 

Figure 5.7. A typical spectrum of light spontaneously scattered from a liquid or liquid crystal.

Another statistical mechanical approach makes use of the radial distribution function g(r), which gives the probability of finding a molecule at a distance r from a given one. This function may be obtained experimentally from x-ray or neutron scattering on a liquid or from computer simulation or statistical mechanical theories for model potential energies [56]. Kirkwood and Buff [38] showed that for a given potential function, U(r)... 

Fig. 3.52. Normalized back-scattering yields of ions from Pb near the melting point, with the incident beam and scattered beam directed along <101 > crystal axes (double alignment) curve a, 295 K curve b, 506 K curve c, 561 K curve d, 600.5 K curve e, 600.8 K. Spectrum d is fitted by a sum of contributions M, from a liquid surface layer, and I, from a partially ordered transition layer [3.133].

All measured intensities can be put on absolute scale by proceeding as follows. At high angles the scattering pattern can be considered as arising from a collection of noninteracting gas molecules rather than from a liquid sample. 

Fig. 1.5.7 Electron microscopy histogram of the aluminum hydrous oxide powder obtained from a liquid aerosol of aluminum. sec-butoxide, AI(.str-OBu)3, the droplet size distribution of which, obtained from light scattering, is given by the full line. Helium carrier gas flow rate was 1000 cm3 min-1 and the temperatures of the boiler 122°C, of the reheater I30°C, and of the AgCl nuclei furnace 610°C. (From Ref. 58.)...

Recently Reynier et al. (1999) measured diffusion coefficients by the film to film method for a series of compounds in polyolefins at 40 °C An advantage of this method lies in the absence of possible interaction (swelling) processes produced from a liquid phase in contact with the polymeric sample. Moreover, using the same procedure and the same sample for a series of migrants, some sources for scatter of results could be avoided. Such scatter of experimental data often results when one compares results obtained in different laboratories with different samples and different experimental methods. The results obtained by Reynier et al. (1999) for HDPE and PP are compared in Fig. 15-3 with... 

Spectrex PC 2000 Laser particle counter counts and sizes particles, from 0.5 to 100 pm in diameter, in both flowing and in-situ liquids. The PC 2000 uses near-forward scattering from a revolving laser beam (900 rpm.) for particle sizing and counting of in-situ and flowing liquids [115]. A He-Ne laser beam is focused to a small, well-defined volume (10 ml) within the liquid. Total particle count within the range 0.5 to 100 pm can be determined in less than a minute. Readout is in 1 pm steps from 0.5 to 17 pm and in five channel steps from 17 to 100 pm. Distribution may be presented on a number or a volume basis. A small vial attachment permits... 

T. Keyes, B. M. Ladanyi, and P, A. Madden. Is depolarized light scattered from simple liquids mainly double-scattered Chem. Phys. Lett., 64 479-484 (1979). 

In the past 10 years, many characterization techniques have been used in the in situ study of the formation mechanism of zeolite from clear solution. For example, Honssian et al. studied the TPA-silicalite-1 system by using the small-angle X-ray scattering technique [34] Carlsson et al. performed a modeling study on the crystallization of silicalite-I from a liquid-phase system [35] Smaihi and colleagues applied in situ 27A1-,... 

In Section 1.7.2, we will see that the weight-average molar mass can be measured by light scattering from a dilute polymer solution. The viscosity of polymer liquids correlates well with the weight-average molar mass. 

The simplest cooling method is to run a thin stream of coolant, such as liquid air, over the specimen throughout the x-ray exposure. The diffraction pattern of the coolant will also be recorded but this is easily distinguished from that of a crystalline solid, because the typical pattern of a liquid contains only one or two very diffuse maxima in contrast to the sharp diffraction lines from a solid. Scattering from the liquid will, however, increase the background blackening of the photograph. 

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