Water pollution phosphorus

Carpenter SR, Caraco NE, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH (1998) Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecol Appl 8 559-568... 

Malmqvist, P.-A., 1983. Urban storm water pollutant resources. An analysis of inflows and outflows of nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, zinc, and copper in urban areas, Dissertation Series, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, ISBN 91-7032-106-X. 

In Europe, eutrophication is one of the main water pollution problems, which originates partially from the past European common agricultural policy. The intensive cultivation of land demanded the use of large amounts of fertilizers in a relatively small total land area. Although the situation has improved in the last few years with the phosphorus levels in water being decreased, the presence of nitrates in the aquatic environment is still a problem. 

Meissner, R., and Leinweber, E (2004). PROWATER Prevention of diffuse water pollution with phosphorus from degraded and re-wetted peat soils—Final Report of an European Research Project, ed. UFZ Halle-Leipzig. 

One of the major sources of water pollution in East Africa is human waste. The effluents from untreated mimicipal sewers pose great danger to the conservation of a sustainable ecology in and around Lake Victoria. Municipal sewage contains both faeces and urine that are sources of phosphorus. Therefore let us make two assumptions that will enable us calculate the phosphorus contributions from these sources. Let us assume that each person produces 25-50 kg/yr of faeces which contain 0.18 kg P second, assume that each adult produces about 400 liters of urine per year, depending on liquid consumption, and contains 0.40 kg P. This is because municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants are known to be the major point sources of phosphorus in urban areas." Waste disposal sites, construction sites, fertilizers and farmyards also make substantial contribution to the total phosphorus load. However, all these have not been adequately evaluated. Given the number of sewered and unsewered municipalities and their populations in Table 2, one is able to calculate the amount of phosphorus produced. 

Light Intensity on Algal Growth and Phosphorus Assimilation, J. Water Pollution Control Federation (1969) 41 (11), part 2. 

The flame photometric detector (1 PD) has been widely applied to the analysis of air and water pollutants, pesticides, and coal hydrogenation products. It is a scTeciivc detector that is primarily rc.sponsivc to compounds containing sulfur and phosphorus. In this detector, the eluent is passed into a low-temperature hydrogen-air flame, which converts part of the phos-phoru to an UK) species that emits bands of radiation centered at about 510 and 526 nm. Sulfur in the... 

Bowman G.T. and Delfino J.J. 1982. Determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus in surface waters and wastewaters. /. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54 1324 1330. 

Water pollutants can also include excessive amounts of heavy metals, radioactive isotopes, faecal coliform bacteria, phosphorus, nitrogen, sodium and other useful (even necessary) elements as well as certain pathogenic bacteria and viruses (Botkin and Keller, 1998). 

In general, because of these reactions, little phosphorus applied as fertilizer leaches from the soil. This is important from the standpoint of both water pollution and utilization of phosphate fertilizers. 

The potential for the employment of plasma emission spectrometry is enormous and it is finding use in almost every field where trace element analysis is carried out. Some seventy elements, including most metals and some non-metals, such as phosphorus and carbon, may be determined individually or in parallel. As many as thirty or more elements may be determined on the same sample. Table 8.4 is illustrative of elements which may be analysed and compares detection limits for plasma emission with those for ICP-MS and atomic absorption. Rocks, soils, waters and biological tissue are typical of samples to which the method may be applied. In geochemistry, and in quality control of potable waters and pollution studies in general, the multi-element capability and wide (105) dynamic range of the method are of great value. Plasma emission spectrometry is well established as a routine method of analysis in these areas. 

With the use of the rapid fire detection and water deluge, there was no mass fire and the mix was ckrped into water for continued fire suppression. Any fire with RP results in the formation of white phosphorus (WP). WP must be covered with water since it ignites spontaneously when exposed to air. Processing studies were conducted to determine the best methods for pollution abatement since UP/water mixtures are toxic at 29 pob for blue gill bream and since high levels of phosphorus [reported as total phosphorus may not be durped into the environment. 

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