Water dilution volume

One measure of the hazard associated with this waste is the water dilution volume (m3). The water dilution volume is the volume of water needed to dilute a radionuclide to its maximum permissible concentration in water. A plot of the water dilution volume (WDV) for spent fuel is shown in Figure 16.11. 

Figure 16.11 Water dilution volume for radionuclides in PWR spent fuel. (From National Research Council, A Study of the Isolation System for Geologic Disposal of Radioactive Waste, NAS, Washington, 1983.)...

The radioactivity of important radionuclides in spent fuel as a function of time after the fuel is removed from a reactor is indicated in Table 13.7. Figures 13.18 and 13.19 describe the water dilution volumes for the radionuclides in spent fuel and reprocessed waste as a function of time. (The water dilution volume is the volume of water needed to dilute the amount of a given isotope in the waste to a concentration safe for ordinary use.) Ordinant values in Figs. 13.18 and 13.19 can also be viewed as a measure of the radioactivities of the isotopes as a function of time. For both spent fuel and reprocessed waste, the chief source of radioactivity for the first 10 to 100 y is the fission products "Sr and " Cs. Thereafter, up to about 10,000 y. Am and (briefly) Pu isotopes are the dominant... 

Figure 13.18 Water-dilution volumes for radionuclides in spent fuel discharged from a l-GW(f>) pressurized-water reactor as a function of decay time. After J. Choi and H.

Pigford, Water dilution volumes for high-level wastes. ANS Transaclions 39, p. 176. 

Figure 13.19 Water-dilution volumes for radionuclides in spent-fuel reprocessing wastes formed by operating a l-GW( -) pressurized-water reactor for one year, plotted as a function of decay time. After J. Choi and H. Pigford, Water dilution volumes for high-level wastes, ANS Transactions 39, p. 176. Copyright 1981 by the American Nuclear Society,...

Choi, J.-S., and T. H. Pigford. 1981. Water-dilution volumes for high-level wastes. Trans. Am, Nucl. Soc. 39 176-77. 

If filtration is slow, the following procedure may be used. Place the fine suspension in a large evaporating dish and evaporate to dryness on a water bath. Dissolve the resulting sticky mass in the minimum volume of dilute alcohol (1 volume of water 3 volumes of methylated spirit about 200-260 ml.) and allow... 

Germanium Dissolve 1.4408 g Ge02 with 50 g oxalic acid in 100 ml of water dilute to volume. 

Acrolein reacts slowly in water to form 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde and then other condensation products from aldol and Michael reactions. Water dissolved in acrolein does not present a hazard. The reaction of acrolein with water is exothermic and the reaction proceeds slowly in dilute aqueous solution. This will be hazardous in a two-phase adiabatic system in which acrolein is suppHed from the upper layer to replenish that consumed in the lower, aqueous, layer. The rate at which these reactions occur will depend on the nature of the impurities in the water, the volume of the water layer, and the rate... 

Hazards of Mixtures with Air. Pools of Hquid ethylene oxide will continue to bum until diluted with at least 22 parts of water by volume. This must be increased to about 100 parts water if the vapor is confined, such as in a sewer. 

In certain cases where the heteroaromatic amine is insufficiently soluble in aqueous acid, it can be dissolved in the minimum volume of an organic solvent miscible with water. Dilute mineral acid and a solution of sodium nitrite are then added. An example is the diazotization of 2-phenyl-3-amino-4-acetyl-5-methyl-pyrrole (Dattolo et al., 1983). 

Dilute the extract with 1.5% acetic acid in water and mix completely. Suggested final dilution volumes are 2.5 mL for samples containing expected residues near the limit of quantitation (LOQ) level of lOngL The extracts are placed in vials for LC/MS/MS analysis. 

Dragendorff s reagent Dissolve 0.85 g of bismuth subnitrate in a mixture of 40 mL of water and 10 mL of glacial acetic acid (,Solution A). Dissolve 8 g of potassium iodide in 20 mL of water (Solution B). Transfer 5 mL of Solution A, 5 mL of Solution B, and 20 mL of glacial acetic acid to a 100 mL volumetric flask, dilute with water to volume, and mix. 

Weigh and finely powder not less than 20 methimazole tablets. Weigh accurately a portion of the powder equivalent to about 120 mg of methimazole and place in 100 ml volumetric flask. Add about 80 ml of water, insert the stopper and shake by mechanical means or occasionally by hand during 30 minutes, dilute with water to volume and mix. Filter and transfer 50.0 ml of the filtrate to a 125 ml conical flask. Add from a burett3.5 ml of 0.1N NaOH, mix, and add with agitation about 7 ml of 0.1N AgN03. Add 1 ml of bromothymol blue T.S. and continue the titration with 0.1N NaOH until a permanent, blue green color is produced. Each ml of 0.1N NaOH is equivalent to 11.42 mg of C,H,N S. 

Add 8.4 ml of cone, hydrochloric acid to a volumetric flask containing 70 ml of water. Dilute to volume and mix. 

An aliquot (20 ml) of each stock solution was transferred to the same 100 ml volumetric flask and the volume was adjusted to 100 ml with de-ionised water (diluted stock solution). 

Assay preparation Transfer approximately 0.24 g of sorbitol to a 50 mL volumetric flask, dissolve in a 10 mL of water, dilute with water to volume and mix. 

A mixture of 100 g. (0.88 mole) of citraconic anhydride (p. 28) (Note 1), 100 cc. of water, and 150 cc. of dilute nitric acid (1 part of concentrated nitric acid to 4 parts of water by volume) is evaporated in a 500-cc. Erlenmeyer flask until the appearance of red fumes (Note 2). The solution is cooled and the mesaconic acid is collected on a filter. The mother liquor is evaporated to 150 cc., cooled, and the crystalline solid which separates is collected on a filter. Further concentration of the mother liquor to 50 cc. yields more product (Note 3). The entire product is recrystallized from roo cc. of water. The yield of product melting at 203-205° is 50-60 g. (43-52 per cent of the theoretical amount). 

Dissolve -450 g NaOH pellets or flakes (low N) in water, cool, and adjust the volume to 1 liter with water. Dilute to 1 1 or use solution with specific gravity >1.36. 

For example, 1 g of a 75° Brix juice concentrate was diluted to a final volume of 10 ml with distilled water (dilution factor = 10 assuming... 

This recipe produces 100 1 of low-calorie pineapple and grapefruit bottling syrup intended for dilution in the ratio of 1 part syrup to 5.66 parts carbonated water (by volume). It would be recommended that this product be pasteurised before carbonation to three volumes C02. 

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