Waste water reuse

Angelakis AN, Marecos Do Monte MHF, Bontoux L, Asano T (1999) The status of waste-water reuse practice in the Mediterranean Basin need for guidelines. Wat. Res. 33(10) 2201-2217... 

DISPOSAL OR STORAGE OF COAL GASIFICATION WASTES IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. (1979) (Sponsor Scalfe Family Charitable Trust) INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO WASTE WATER REUSE IN SOUTHERN... 

Alternative water sources are expected to play a significant role in areas suffering water shortages. In many places, waste water reuse is becoming a valuable component of sustainable water management practises. However, substantial and practical information is still needed to safely design, implement and operate waste water reuse schemes. 

Fane A.G. (1996), Membranes for water production and waste water reuse. Desalination, 106, 1-9. 

Quirtones-Bolanos, E., Zhou, H. and Parkin, G. 2005. Membrane pervaporation for waste water reuse in microirrigation../. Environ. Ens. 131(12) 1633-1643. 

Shao, E., Wei, J., Yo, A., Levy, R. (2009). Apphcahon of ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis for mine waste water reuse. In Water in mining conference, Perth, 15 — 17 September Available from http //www.nirosoft.com/files/CollahausiChileMiningEffluents(l).pdf. Accessed January 2014. 

Adhesives and resins are one of the most important raw materials in wood-based panels. Thus, each question concerning the life cycle assessment and the recycling of bonded wood panels does bring into question the adhesive resins used. This includes, for example, the impact of the resin on various environmental aspects such as waste water and effluents, emission of noxious volatile chemicals during production and from the finished boards, or the reuse for energy generation of wood panels. The type of resin has also a crucial influence on feasibility and efficiency for several material recycling processes. 

Phosphate is sometimes present in MU water sources (say, 1-2 ppm or more) usually as a result of field and factory run-off or from the deliberate addition as a city water threshold agent to prevent corrosion and deposition in the mains. The steady growth in the reuse of secondary water sources such as municipal and industrial waste waters means that phosphate is increasingly likely to be present in MU. If the phosphate remains undetected, it likely will scale and foul FW lines by forming amorphous calcium orthophosphate [tricalcium phosphate Caj(P04)2] sludge before it reaches the boiler section. 

Many facilities in this industry use in-plant technology to reduce or eliminate the waste load, requiring end-of-pipe treatment and thereby improve the quality of the effluent discharge and reduce treatment costs. In-plant technology involves water reuse, process material conservation, reclamation of waste enamel, process modifications, material substitutions, improved rinse techniques, and good housekeeping practices.3-615... 

Mann JG and Liu YA, (1999), Industrial Water Reuse and Waste water Minimization, McGraw-Hill. 

Waste Water Treatment and Reuse in the Mediterranean Region... 

The results for this scenario were obtained using GAMS 2.5/CPLEX. The overall mathematical formulation entails 385 constraints, 175 continuous variables and 36 binary/discrete variables. Only 4 nodes were explored in the branch and bound algorithm leading to an optimal value of 215 t (fresh- and waste-water) in 0.17 CPU seconds. Figure 4.5 shows the water reuse/recycle network corresponding to fixed outlet concentration and variable water quantity for the literature example. It is worth noting that the quantity of water to processes 1 and 3 has been reduced by 5 and 12.5 t, respectively, from the specified quantity in order to maintain the outlet concentration at the maximum level. The overall water requirement has been reduced by almost 35% from the initial amount of 165 t. 

HEIST, J. A. AIChE Symp. Ser. 77 (1984) (209) 259-272. Freeze crystallisation waste water recycling and reuse. 

Conserve water. Reuse rinse waters if possible. Reduce equipment-cleaning frequency where beneficial in reducing net waste generation. 

Particularly in the case of dyes with a limited degree of fixation the dyestuff content in the wasted water leads to intensively colored wastewater. As the reactive group of the unfixed dyestuff is hydrolyzed into an inactive form, a reuse is not possible. On the basis of an exhaust dyeing with 5% color depth, a liquor ratio of 1 10, and a degree of dyestuff fixation of 70-80% corresponding to 3.5-4 g/L of dye are fixed on the goods and 1.5-1 g/L of hydrolyzed dyes are released with the dyebath. 

Rojas-Valencia, M. N., Orta-de-Velasquez, M. T., Vaca-Mier, M., and Franco, V. (2004). Ozonation by-products issued from the destruction of microorganisms present in waste-waters treated for reuse. Water Sci. Technol. 50,187-193. 

Long-term national commitment to the development of a systematic approach to the evaluation of hazards associated with potable reuse of waste water. 

---