Waste management radioactive wastes

Waste treatment processes. See also Hazardous waste management Radioactive waste management Solid waste management for radioactive waste, 25 853-854 titanium-related, 25 64-65 Waste vitrification process, 12 616 Wastewater, 9 443. See also Effluent treatment... 

AR217 The regulatory control of radioactive waste management. Radioactive Waste Management, Overview of 15 NEA member countries, 31 March 2004. 

Radioactive waste is transferred to the Radioactive and Mixed Waste Management Facility, or to another facility operated by representatives of the ES H Center responsible for radioactive and mixed waste management. Radioactive waste is ultimately shipped for disposai at a disposal site approved by DOE. 

A striving to embody all the desired attributes of the new system, while recognizing that this may take many years and that a number of important benefits can be obtained by interim implementation of parts of the system. The most important areas in which interim implementations are likely to be beneficial include the establishment of exemption levels for radionuclides and hazardous chemicals in waste, to allow hazardous wastes to be managed as nonhazardous material or to allow mixed waste to be managed as radioactive or hazardous chemical waste only, and the elimination of source-based definitions of hazardous wastes, especially radioactive wastes. 

Limiting the generation of waste is the first and most important consideration in managing radioactive wastes. The Purex process was developed to eliminate the solids additions to the high-level wastes in earlier technology. Improved housekeeping procedures have greatly reduced the low-level and transuranic... 

A typical nuclear industry may consist of mining and milling of uranium ore, thorium extraction, fuel fabrication, nuclear reactor operation, and production and application of radioactive isotopes for various industrial medical and research purposes. Almost, in all these steps, waste is generated that needs proper management. Radioactive wastes differ from other industrial wastes due to its radiation exposure and its radiological toxicity to human beings and their environment. Management of radioactive wastes is an important step in a nuclear industry and the objective is to effectively isolate radionuclides from the... 

Studies on the Solidification of Fission Product Solutions in Italy, St/mp. Manage. Radioact. Wastes Fuel Process., Paris, France, 1972. 

Vitrification and Thermite Processes, in Proc. Symp, Manage, Radioactive Waste from Fuel Reproc, Paris, Nov. 27-Dec. 1, 1972, USAEC Report CONF-721107, 655, March 1973. 

One of the first steps in managing radioactive wastes is to estimate potential quantities. This information is required in order to ... 

Source Adapted from Hebei W and Cottone G., Methods of Krypton -85 Management, Radioactive Waste Management Series, Vol. 10, pp 28-65, Harwood Academic Publishers, UK, 1983. 

These principles are reflected in the requirements established in paras 8.8 and 8.9 of Ref. [1], one of which is that The operating organization shall establish and implanent a programme to manage radioactive waste safely (Ref. [1], para. 8.9). 

Nuclear Waste Management. Separation of radioactive wastes provides a number of relatively small scale but vitally important uses of gas-phase purification appHcations of adsorption. Such appHcations often require extremely high degrees of purification because of the high toxicity of... 

Classification of wastes may be according to purpose, distinguishing between defense waste related to military appHcations, and commercial waste related to civiUan appHcations. Classification may also be by the type of waste, ie, mill tailings, high level radioactive waste (HLW), spent fuel, low level radioactive waste (LLW), or transuranic waste (TRU). Alternatively, the radionucHdes and the degree of radioactivity can define the waste. Surveys of nuclear waste management (1,2) and more technical information (3—5) are available. 

Several modes of waste management are available. The simplest is to dilute and disperse. This practice is adequate for the release of small amounts of radioactive material to the atmosphere or to a large body of water. Noble gases and slightly contaminated water from reactor operation are eligible for such treatment. A second technique is to hold the material for decay. This is appHcable to radionucHdes of short half-life such as the medical isotope technetium-9 9m = 6 h), the concentration of which becomes negligible in a week s holding period. The third and most common approach to waste... 

The geologic aspects of waste disposal (24—26), proceedings of an annual conference on high level waste management (27), and one from an annual conference on all types of radioactive waste (28) are available. An alternative to burial is to store the spent fuel against a long-term future energy demand. Uranium and plutonium contained in the fuel would be readily extracted as needed. 

Radioactive Waste Management A.n IAEA. Source Book, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 1992. 

R. E. Berlin and C. C. Stanton, Radioactive Waste Management, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1989. 

Y. S. Tang and J. H. Saling, Radioactive Waste Management, Hemisphere, New York, 1990. 

The Role of the Monitored Retrievable Storage Facility in an Integrated Waste Management System, DOE/RW-0238, Office of Civihan Radioactive Waste Management, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., 1989. 

The Shallow land Burial ofEow-Eevel Radioactively Contaminated Solid Waste, Committee on Radioactive Waste Management, National Academy of Sciences, Washiagton, D.C., 1976. 

Directions in Eow-Eevel Radioactive Waste Management A Brief History of Commercial Eow-Eevel Radioactive Waste Disposal, DOE/LLW-103, Rev. 1, The National Low-Level Waste Management Program, INEL, Idaho Eads, Idaho, Aug. 1994. 

Waste management is a field that involves tlie reduction, stabilization, and ultimate disposal of waste. Waste reduction is tlie practice of minimizing file amount of material tliat requires disposal. Some of the common ways in which waste reduction is accomplished are incineration, compaction, and dewatering. The object of waste disposal is to isolate tlie material from tlie biosphere, and in the case of radioactive wtiste, allow it time to decay to sufficiently safe levels. 

As described in Chapter 1, the three largest radiological accidents of the last twenty years tire tlie explosion at Chernobyl, the partial core meltdown at Three Mile Island Unit 2, tuid the mishandling of a radioactive source in Brazil. The least publicized, but perhaps tlie most appropriate of tliese accidents, witli respect to waste management, was tlie situation in Brazil. 

American Nuclear Society, (annual). High Level Radioactive Waste Management Proceedings for the International Topical Meeting of the American Nuclear Society and the American Society of Cavil Engineers. Chicago American Nuclear Society. 

U.S. Department of Energy Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management. The Yncca Monntain Project. < http //www.ymp. gov >. 

Lutze, W., Ed. "Scientific Management of Radioactive Waste. Vol. 5" Elsevier New York, in press. 

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