Waste integrated treatment

Chevron WWT [Waste water treatment] An integrated process for treating sour water from oil refineries, particularly for removing ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Only physical processes are used—volatilization and condensation under various conditions. Developed by Chevron Research Company and used in 14 plants worldwide in 1985. Martinez, D., in Chemical Waste Handling and Treatment, Muller, K. R., Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1986, 180. 

A biorefinery maximizes the value derived from the complex biomass feedstock by (a) optimal use and valorization of feedstock, (b) optimization and integration of processes for better efficiency, and (c) optimization of inputs (water, energy, etc.) and waste recycling/treatment. Integrated production of bioproducts, especially for bulk chemicals, biofuels, biolubricants and polymers, can improve their competitiveness and eco-efficiency. However, although a few examples of biorefineries already exist (Chapters 3 and 6), many improvements are still needed to enhance the process [5] ... 

Integrated Treatment and Disposal Facilities for Specific Pharmaceutical Waste... 

European Commission, Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (February 2003)... 

Walsh, S.P. Integrated Design of Chemical Waste Water Treatment Systems. PhD Thesis, (Imperial College, University of London, 1993). 

Fernandes, L., M. A. Warith, and R. Droste (1991). Integrated treatment system for waste from food prodnction indnstries. 7 f. Corf. Environ. Pollut. Proc. Int. Corf. Environ. Pollut.— ICEP-1, Apr. 1991, 671-679. Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., Geneva, Switzerland. 

O. Futamura, M. Katoh, and K. Takeuchi, Organic waste water treatment by activated sludge process using integrated type membrane separation. Desalination 98,17-25 (1994). 

Improving the Performance of Effluent Treatment Plant (GG175), helps companies to consider their effluent systems as an integral part of their plant operations which can lead to reduced waste and treatment costs,... 

If the partial oxidation unit is integrated in a coal gasification complex - as suggested in Chap. 7 - and the liquid products of coal gasification are used as a feedstock, the ash content of this feedstock will be extremely low and gasification can be performed in such a way that even less than 0.5 wt % of soot occur in the reformed gas. In this case, the expenditure for a carbon recycling system can be saved as the small carbon quantities can be more easily and with less expenditure be removed in the waste water treatment system of the complex. 

Likewise, nanofiltration can be integrated into waste water treatment. Combined reverse osmosis/nanofiltration processes can offer higher water recovery than either process alone [122]. Moreover, nanofiltration can be combined with other membrane filtration processes [123], electrodialysis [124], or other waste water treatment processes such as ozonation [125]. 

In addition to the laws of enzyme microkinetics, the kinetic equations from chemical reactions based on the type 1 situation shown in Fig. 4.12 also provide a suitable approach. The power law equations with various reaction orders, n, differ in the cjt relationship of their reaction components. In Fig. 5.15, the time course of substrate concentration is compared for n = 0,1/2,1, and 2 and for Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. The substrate disappearance and the oxygen utilization in biological waste water treatment may be cited as realistic examples. For the simple case, integration is possible (Levenspiel, 1972). The integrated solutions for various reaction orders are... 

The advantages of PECs lie in their three-dimensional structure and the relatively low polyelectrolyte concentration needed to reach this structure as compared with, for example, polymer lattices. Another major advantage is the possibility to vary the structure and properties of the complexes simply by changing their composition. This is more important than ever considering the large efforts that are needed to acquire necessary permits for the introduction of new chemicals, since the PECs can be prepared by already accepted polymers/polyelectrolytes and/or nanoparticles. The structural integrity of the PECs also allows them to retain a three-dimensional structure when adsorbed at a solid-liquid interface, which is essential, e.g., for flocculation efficiency. Hocculation is interesting in many industrial applications, not only for the paper industry but also in, e.g., waste water treatment. 

In both cases, the pollutants are suitable for a biological waste water treatment, but this process has to be fully integrated with both bionitrification and biodenitrification. 

Another part of the integration is that the biological waste water treatment plant treats all the waste waters from the site as well as the municipal waste water. The off-gas treatment for the production of viscose is combined with a sulphuric acid production unit. Gases containing sulphur can also be used as combustion air in various combustion plants with flue-gas desulphurisation. Additionally, the supply networks for steam and process water are highly sophisticated. 

The treatment of make up water can be harmoniously integrated with general plant waste water treatment. 

---