Radioactive waste immobilization

Postnikov, A. Yu., Levakov, E. V., Gavrilov, P. I., Glagovsky, E. V. Kuprin, A. V. 2001. Self-sustaining high temperature synthesis of zirco-nolite-based materials for radioactive waste immobilization. Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment, 5, 58-63 (in Russian). 

In handling radioactive wastes, the increase of temperature carrsed by partial or complete conversion of the generated radiation energy into heat must also be taken into corrsideration. Based on its radioactivity, we can distinguish between low-level, intermediate-level and high-level radioactive waste. Immobilization with inorgartic binders is limited to low-level and, to a far lesser degree, intermediate-level wastes. 

AVM [Atelier de Vitrification de Marcoule] A continuous process for immobilizing radioactive waste by incorporation in a borosilicate glass. Developed at Marcoule, France, in 1972, based on the earlier PIVER process. In 1988, two larger vitrification plants were... 

FIPS [Fission Product Solidification] A process for immobilizing the radioactive waste products from the thorium fuel cycle in a borosilicate glass for long-term storage. Developed at Kemforschungsanlage Jiilich, Germany, from 1968, until abandoned in favor of PAMELA in 1977. 

In parallel Canada also pioneered work on the immobilization of radioactive wastes into glass (vitrification) for permanent disposal. (O A natural mineral, nepheline syenite, was used as the basic material because it produced a glass with excellent... 

Prospects for the disposal of the immobilized materials have been examined by several groups of experts around the world (14, 15, 16, 17, 18) and by a group headed by Dr. F.K. Hare, Director of the Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Toronto (19). An international consensus has emerged on the safety and suitability of disposing of immobilized radioactive waste by emplacement deep underground (300-1000 m) in a variety of geologic strata. 

T0151 Ceramic Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes—General... 

T0151 Ceramic Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes—General T0155 CFX Corporation, CFX MiniFix... 

T0150 Cement-Lock, L.L.C., Cement-Lock Technology T0151 Ceramic Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes—General T0155 CFX Corporation, CFX MiniFix T0158 CH2M Hill, Phytoremediation-Based Systems... 

T0725 Solidification and Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes in Cement—General... 

T0I5I Ceramic Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes—General T0I52 CerOx Corporation, Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation (MEO)... 

T0088 Battelle Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Terra-VIT Vitrification Technology T0151 Ceramic Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes—General T0169 Clemson University, Sintered Ceramic Stabilization T0178 Constructed Wetlands—General... 

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