Waste from high-activity

Pneumatic Transport Both low-pressure air-vacuum conduit transport systems have been used to transport sohd wastes. The most common application is the transport or wastes from high-density apartments or commercial activities to a central location for processing or for loading into transpoii vehicles. The largest pneumatic system in use in the United States is at the Walt Disney World amusement park in Orlando, Florida. 

Madic, C., Lecomte, M., Dozol, J.F., Boussier, H. 2004. Advanced chemical separations of minor actinides from high active nuclear wastes. EURADWASTE 04, Luxembourg, Belgium, March 24 to April 1. 

Apostilidos, C., Meester, R., de Koch, L. et al. 1990. The extraction of actinides and other constituents from highly-active waste (HAW) by trialkyl phosphine oxide (TRPO). Technical seminar on new separation chemistry techniques for radioactive waste and other specific applications, Rome (Italy), May 16-18. EUR-13390-EN. 

Zhu, Y., Song, C. 1992. Recovery of neptunium, plutonium and americium from highly active waste. Tri-alkyl phosphine oxide extraction. In Transuranium Elements A Half Century. Morss, L.R. Fuger, J., Eds. ACS, Washington, DC, pp. 318-330. 

Zhu, Y., Jiao, R. 1994. Chinese experience in the removal of actinides from highly active waste by trialkyl phosphine oxide extraction. Nucl. Technol. 108 361-369. 

Apostolidis, C. Meester, R. De. Koch, L. Molinet, R. Liang, J. Zhu, Y. The Extraction of Actinides and Other Constituents from Highly Active Waste (HAW) by Triallkyl Phosphine Oxide. In New Separation Techniques for Radioactive Waste and Other Specific Applications, L. Cecille, M. Casa, and L. Pietrelli (Eds.), Elsevier Applied Science, Rome Italy (1990), p. 80. 

However, due to the chemical similarities of the trivalent actinide and lanthanide elements, historically, it has been easier to develop step-by-step processes first, An(III) + Ln(III) coextraction processes, which also address the problem of waste alpha decontamination, and second, An(III)/Ln(III) separation processes, which can only be implemented on the solutions produced by the first-step processes. Today, however, a few processes are available that allow recovery of the trivalent actinides in a single step from highly active liquid waste. 

G. 2004. Selective extraction of minor actinides from high activity liquid waste by organised matrices (CALIXPART FIKW-CT2000-00088). 

K. Liger, J.-F. Dozol, F. Arnaud-Neu, V. Bohmer, B. Casensky, A. Casnati, J.-F. Desreux, B. Gruner, C. Griittner, J. De Mendoza, G. Pina, P. Selucky, W. Verboom and G. Wipff, Selective extraction of minor actinides from high activity liquid waste by organised matrices, Final Report FIKW-CT-2000-00088, CEC, 2004. 

Madic, C., Lecomte, M., Baron, P., Boullis, B. Separation of long-lived radionuclides from high active nuclear waste. C.R. Physique (2002), 3 (7-8), 797-811. 

Mannone, F., Dwoschak, H. 1984. Chemical separation of actinides from high activity liquid wastes - Final report. JRC Ispra Report, S.A./l. 07.03.84.02. 

Recovery of Americium—Curium From High-Activity Waste Concentrate by In-Canyon-Tank Precipitation as Oxalates... 

Mousty, F. Toussaint, J. Godfrin, J., "Separation of Actinides from High Activity Waste. The Oxal Process," Radiochem. Radioanal. Lett., 1977, 31, 918. 

Separation of Actinides from High Active Waste by Means of Counter Current Ion Migration... 

Studies on extraction of Am (III) from high active waste (HAW) solution have been initiated. The extractant CMPO (Octyl, Phenyl - N,N-diisobutyl Carbamoyl Methyl Phosphinoxide) has been synthesised and its extraction behaviour characterised. Studies have been taken up on third phase formation in the extraction of Nd(III) by CMPO, with TBP and as modifiers. The data measured employing TAP indicate that this modifier can permit high organic loadings without third phase formation. 

Industrial Wastewater Treatment. Industrial wastewaters require different treatments depending on their sources. Plating waste contains toxic metals that are precipitated and insolubiHzed with lime (see Electroplating). Iron and other heavy metals are also precipitated from waste-pidde Hquor, which requires acid neutralization. Akin to pickle Hquor is the concentrated sulfuric acid waste, high in iron, that accumulates in smokeless powder ordinance and chemical plants. Lime is also useful in clarifying wastes from textile dyeworks and paper pulp mills and a wide variety of other wastes. Effluents from active and abandoned coal mines also have a high sulfuric acid and iron oxide content because of the presence of pyrite in coal. 

There are several available terminal oxidants for the transition metal-catalyzed epoxidation of olefins (Table 6.1). Typical oxidants compatible with most metal-based epoxidation systems are various alkyl hydroperoxides, hypochlorite, or iodo-sylbenzene. A problem associated with these oxidants is their low active oxygen content (Table 6.1), while there are further drawbacks with these oxidants from the point of view of the nature of the waste produced. Thus, from an environmental and economical perspective, molecular oxygen should be the preferred oxidant, because of its high active oxygen content and since no waste (or only water) is formed as a byproduct. One of the major limitations of the use of molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant for the formation of epoxides, however, is the poor product selectivity obtained in these processes [6]. Aerobic oxidations are often difficult to control and can sometimes result in combustion or in substrate overoxidation. In... 

HARVEST [Highly Active Residue Vitrification Experimental Studies] A process for immobilizing nuclear waste by incorporation in a borosilicate glass. Developed from FIN-GAL. Piloted by the UK Atomic Energy Authority at Sellafield, in the late 1970s, but abandoned in 1981 in favor of AVM, the French vitrification process. 

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