Washing/soaking

Figure 18.5 Douchi process. Black soya beans are washed, soaked, steamed and inoculated with Aspergillus spp. after cooling. The beans undergo solid-state fermentation and are then washed and matured in a mixture of brine and spices.

The preparation of silica gel plates for the cultivation of certain types of bacteria has been described by Muller and Holm (391). A silicic acid sol is made by adding a solution of sodium silicate to hydrochloric acid buffered at about pH 4.5. The gel is permitted to set in Petri dishes, washed, soaked in nutrient solution, and then autoclaved. For a purer medium, the intermediate sol may be dialyzed before it is permitted to set to gel (392). An improved procedure for incorporating nutrients directly into the acid, forming the gel under sterile conditions and eliminating dialysis, was developed by Sterges (393). A simplified method (394) is described as follows. Seven hundred milliliters of 0.5 N HCl is mixed with 300 ml of the mineral nutrient solution to be employed. To I volume of 0.5 N sodium silicate is added 1 volume of lime water, and to this 1 volume of the acid nutrient is added. The mixture is poured into Petri dishes, aged 2 hr, and placed in an oven at lOO C for 1 hr. The use of tetramethyl ester of orthosilicic acid is advocated by Ingelman and co-... 

Power recovery after offline washing (soak and rinse procedure) is significantly... 

Sodium on the skin. If a small solidified fragment of sodium can still be seen, remove it carefully with forceps. Wash thoroughly with water, then with 1 per cent, acetic acid, and finally cover with gauze soaked in olive oil or acriflavine jelly. 

Methyl sulphate on the skin. Wash immediately and liberally with concentrated ammonia solution, and then rub gently with wads of cotton wool soaked in concentrated ammonia solution. 

Pepper, White. This spice is derived from the same plant as black pepper except that the berries are allowed to ripen fully. The dark outer hulls are removed by mbbing and washing after soaking and fermentation. White pepper has generally the same flavor and aroma as black pepper however, it is milder and has a slight fecal odor. 

Precautions in Handling. Ammonium bifluoride, like all soluble fluorides, is toxic if taken internally. Hydrofluoric acid bums may occur if the material comes in contact with moist skin. Ammonium bifluoride solutions should be thoroughly washed from the skin with mildly alkaline soap as soon as possible however, if contact has been prolonged, the affected areas should be soaked with 0.13% solution of Zephiran chloride, or 0.2% Hyamine 1622 (Lonza, Inc.) or calcium gluconate, the treatment recommended for hydrofluoric acid bums. If any of these solutions come in contact with the eyes, they should be washed with water for at least 10 min and a physician should be consulted. 

If the hides were not deshed before curing, the soaked hides are usually deshed and trimmed at this time. If the hides are not to be trimmed or deshed, they are drained and washed to decrease the salt concentration, drained, and the dmm refilled with cold water. 

In the original process for the positive electrode, the plaques were placed in a metal vessel, which was evacuated to <5.3 kPa (40 mm Hg), and a nearly saturated solution of nickel nitrate (density 1.6 g/mL) admitted. After a 5—15 min soaking period, the plaques were transferred at 101 kPa (1 atm) to a polarizing unit where they were cathodicaHy polarized in hot caustic solution. After polarization the plates were washed and dried. These four steps were repeated four or five times until the desired weight gain of active material was achieved. 

Chemical Treatment. The most iavolved regeneration technique is chemical treatment (20) which often follows thermal or physical treatment, after the char and particulate matter has been removed. Acid solution soaks, glacial acetic acid, and oxalic acid are often used. The bed is then tinsed with water, lanced with air, and dried ia air. More iavolved is use of an alkaline solution such as potassium hydroxide, or the combination of acid washes and alkaline washes. The most complex treatment is a combination of water, alkaline, and acid washes followed by air lancing and dryiag. The catalyst should not be appreciably degraded by the particular chemical treatment used. 

Remove soaked ciothing immediateiy and wash affected skin with pienty ot water... 

Elec.) step-up transformer, aufwaschen, v.t. wash, cleanse, scour, aufweichen, v.t. moisten, wet, soak soften temper (colors).—v.i. soak soften.—auf-weichend, p.a. emollient, aufweisen, v.t. show, exhibit, display, aufweiten, v.t. widen, stretch, expand, aufwenden, v.t. employ, devote, spend. Aufwendung,/. employment expenditure, outlay,... 

Auswaschungsverlust, m. loss from washing, auswassem, v.t. soak water. — v.i. be soaked. auswechselbaTf a. exchangeable interchangeable. ... 

In view of the foregoing remarks, it is clear that all glassware used in the preliminary treatment of samples to be subjected to stripping voltammetry, as well as the apparatus to be used in the actual determination, must be scrupulously cleaned. It is usually recommended that glassware be soaked for some hours in pure nitric acid (6 M), or in a 10 per cent solution of pure 70 per cent perchloric acid, followed by washing with de-ionised water. 

After use the cells must be carefully washed with distilled water, or if an organic solvent which is not miscible with water was employed, they must be rinsed with a solvent which is miscible with both the solvent used and with water, and then well washed with distilled water. Finally, they are rinsed with ethanol followed by drying, which may be conveniently done in a vacuum desiccator. Cells which have become contaminated can usually be cleaned by soaking in a solution of a detergent, such as Teepol. For obstinate contamination recourse may be made to the use of sulphuric acid-sodium dichromate cleaning mixture (CAUTION ) (Section 3.8). After soaking overnight the cells are well washed with water and finally dried. 

Method B A solution of (/ )-oxynitrilase (150 pL, sec Method A) is dropped onto 2 g of Avicel cellulose [soaked in 20 mL of 0.01 M acetate buffer (pH 5.4) for 1 2 h, filtered off and pressed]. 20 mL of ethyl acetate (saturated with 0.01 M acetate buffer, pi I 5.4) are added, followed by 5 mmol of aldehyde and 250 pL (6.5 mmol) of hydrocyanic acid. After stirring at r.t. (Tabic 1) the mixture is filtered, and the filter cake pressed and washed with ethyl acetate. The combined solutions are dried and concentrated. 

A solution of (R)-oxynilrilase (F.C 4.1.2.10, 100 pi., 1000 unils/ml.) is dropped onto 1.5 g of Avicel cellulose (soaked in 0.02 M sodium acetate buffer. pH 4.5). 20 mL of diisopropyl ether are added, followed by 5 mmol of ketone and 200 pL of hydrocyanic acid, and the mixture is stirred (Table 3). The catalyst is filtered off. washed with diisopropyl ether, and the combined filtrates are concentrated. 

Oily surfaces can be deoiled by using a high HLB value emulsifier such as dioctylsulfosuccinate, together with antifoam, applied either as a hot-water soak or pressure washed. 

To obtain the phosphorylated chitin, fibres were soaked in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution (pH 12.4) for 8 days. The Ca(OH)2 solution was renewed every 4 days. After completion of the soaking period, the fibres were washed, filtered and dried under vacuum at 60 °C. This technique of phosphorylation and Ca(OH)2 treatment has been found to be a useful method for creating favorable local conditions leading to the nucleation and growth of calcium... 

---