Vulcan® carbon

Paulus UA, Schmidt TJ, Gasteiger HA, Behm RJ. 2001. Oxygen reduction on a high-surface area Pt/Vulcan carbon catalyst A thin-film rotating ring-disk electrode study. J Electroanal Chem 495 134-145. 

T. J. Schmidt, H. A. Gasteiger, R. J. Behm (1999) Rotating disk electrode measurements on the CO tolerance of high-surface area Pt/Vulcan carbon fuel cell catalyst. J. 

Catalyst, Catalyst-Support, and Membrane Material Impact on Maximum Catalyst-Support Corrosion Rate Under Fully Developed H2 Starvation Conditions. Here, Advanced-Support is a Hypothetical Support with a 30-Fold Lower Corrosion Rate than Graphitized Vulcan Carbon and Membrane-X Refers to a Hypothetical Membrane with a 10-Fold Lower 02 Permeability. 

Highly monodispersed platinum-based nanoparticles Pt, Pt-Ru, Pt-Ru-Sn ° were synthesized by y- or electron beam-radiolysis and then deposited onto Vulcan carbon powder with high loadings (up to... 

Figure 2 Nitrogen as-plots on samples of carbon cloth. Ungraphitized Vulcan carbon black used as the non-porous reference adsorbent.

Recent work by Lukehart et al. has demonstrated the applicability of this technique to fuel-cell catalyst preparation [44g,h]. Through the use of microwave heating of an organometallic precursor that contains both Pt and Ru, PtRu/Vulcan carbon nanocomposites have been prepared that consist of PtRu alloy nanoparticles highly dispersed on a powdered carbon support [44g]. Two types of these nanocomposites containing 16 and 50 wt.% metal with alloy nanoparticles of 3.4 and 5.4 nm, respectively, are formed with only 100 or 300 s of microwave heating time. The 50 wt.% supported nanocomposite has demonstrated direct methanol fuel-cell anode activity superior to that of a 60 wt.% commercial catalyst in preliminary measurements. 

Elastomers are cross-linked macromolecules above the glass-transition temperature. They are entropy elastic and free of viscous flow. For most applications, the rubber is blended with filler material such as silicates and carbon black before vulcanization. Carbon black is an active filler which introduces physical cross-links of macromolecular chains in addition to the chemical cross-links formed during the vulcanization process. The chemical cross-link density is temperature independent, while the strength of the physical cross-links varies with temperature. 

Half-cell measurements on catalysts of a Pt-doped iron-oxide phase have approximately 20 times the activity of the standard 10 weight % Pt on Vulcan carbon. 

Platinum supported on niobium oxide phases also exhibits high activity for oxygen reduction, despite a 50 to 150 fold decrease in platinum compared to the standard 10 weight % platinum on Vulcan carbon. 

Figure 5.10 TEM images of (A) microwave-synthesized Pt nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon XC-72 and (B) commercially available E-TEK Pt/C catalyst (nominal Pt loading 20 wt%). (From ref. 78, with permission.)...

Rubber, Natural, Vulcanized Carbon Tetrachloride m 631-2345 see Copoly(Butadiene - Styrene) 631-... 

Carbons black includes several types of carbons, such as acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black. Commonly, their names are referred to the process or the source material from which they are made. Among those, the production of furnace black is the most important. Its production process consists in feeding a furnace with natural gas and aromatics oils as feedstock, where is vaporized and then pyrolyzed. Vulcan XC-72 (a furnace black from Cabot Corporation) is the most widely used catalyst support for low-temperature fuel cells due to their low cost and high availability, being this material used as standard to compare other types of carbons. Vulcan XC-72, formed by nanoparticles of 20-40 nm, has an electrical conductivity of 4 S cm a sulphur content of 0.05 %, and a negligible oxygen content [13]. Within the textural properties Vulcan carbon has a superficial area of 252 m g with a total pore volume of 0.63 cm g and a pore size distribution around 15 nm [14]. 

In the case of commercial MWCNTs as ftRu support, Jeng et al. [31] used this kind of support previously activated by chemical treatment. Well dispersed PtRu 1 1 nanoparticles of 3.5-4 nm were obtained by a polyol synthesis method. The fuel cell test showed a performance 50 % higher than that of a commercial PtRu on Vulcan support (E-TEK). Similar results were found by Prabhuram et al. [32] for PtRu on oxidized MWCNT, where well dispersed nanoparticles of 4 nm were obtained by the NaBH4 method. The DMFC performance test of PtRu supported on MWCNTs showed a power density ca. 35 % higher than that using the Vulcan carbon support. Outstanding results were obtained by Tsuji et al. [33] with PtRu nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers prepared by polyol method and tested in a DMFC. They obtained a performance 200 % higher than standard PtRu on Vulcan carbon from Johnson Matthey. 

Figure 7.4 Images of the most prominent carbonaceous support materials (a) graphite and (b) Vulcan carbon. (Taken from Ref. [14]. Copyright (2014), with permission from Elsevier Limited).

Pd [30] Chemical reduction with NaBH4 APZ- MWCNTs -0.50 V (vs. SCE) Same Es with acid-fimctionalized MWCNTs and vulcan carbon supports but better CD. The 7f//b ratio of the Pd/APZ-MWCNTs (2.13)... 

Garsany Y, Epshteyn A, Purdy AP, More KL, Swider-Lyons KE (2010) High-activity, durable oxygen reduction electrocatalyst nanoscale composite of platinum-tantalum oxyphosphate on vulcan carbon. J Phys Chem Lett 1(13) 1977-1981... 

Figure 14.6 (a) Structure of Vulcan carbon black particle... 

Vulcan carbon black powder and granule Cabot... 

Figure 8.H Charge/dischai e voltage profiles (third cycle) of the as-prepared GNS and Vulcan XC-72 carbon. Capacities are per gram of carbon in the electrode. Cycling was carried out at a current density of 50 mA/g in 1 atm O2 atmosphere at room temperature (20°C). The cut voltage ranges were 2.0-4.4 V for the GNS electrode and 2.0-4.6 V for the Vulcan carbon electrode. Reprinted from Ref. 57, Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier.

While Fig. 10.14a, b contain 30% and 10% of Pt3Ni cubes (with the remaining particles being truncated-octahedrons), respectively, Fig. 10.14c contains only tmncated-octahedrons. The particle size is on the order of 5 to 7 nm. Only two types of facets are exposed of aU the nanocrystals, i.e., the 111 and 100. The fractions of the 111 surface area over the total surface area could be calculated based on the geometries of the shapes and the population statistics. The ORR kinetics of the nanocrystals were studied on RDEs in 02-saturated 0.1 M HCIO4, at room temperature, at 1,600 rpm, with a potential scan rate of 10 mV/s. Figure 10.15 shows comparison of polarization curves, cyclic-voltammetry curves, mass activities, and specific activities of the Pt3Ni nanocrystals to the standard TKK Pt/Vulcan carbon catalyst. As shown in Fig. 10.15d, almost-linear correlations were obtained for both mass activities and specific activities versus the fi action of the (111) surface area over the total surface area. A tabulated kinetic activity comparison is shown in Table 10.1. The mass activity and specific activity comparisons were made at 0.9 V versus RHE. 

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