Vortex-vacuum

Vortex-Vacuum These two methods provide high adhesion forces, but sustained... 

Thermochemical Liquefaction. Most of the research done since 1970 on the direct thermochemical Hquefaction of biomass has been concentrated on the use of various pyrolytic techniques for the production of Hquid fuels and fuel components (96,112,125,166,167). Some of the techniques investigated are entrained-flow pyrolysis, vacuum pyrolysis, rapid and flash pyrolysis, ultrafast pyrolysis in vortex reactors, fluid-bed pyrolysis, low temperature pyrolysis at long reaction times, and updraft fixed-bed pyrolysis. Other research has been done to develop low cost, upgrading methods to convert the complex mixtures formed on pyrolysis of biomass to high quaHty transportation fuels, and to study Hquefaction at high pressures via solvolysis, steam—water treatment, catalytic hydrotreatment, and noncatalytic and catalytic treatment in aqueous systems. 

A vertical cylindrical, and mechanical agitated pressure vessel, equipped with baffles to prevent vortex formation is the most widely used fermenter configuration. The baffles are typically one-tenth of the fermenter diameter in widtli, and are welded to supports tliat extend from the sidewall. A small space between the sidewall and the baffle enables cleaning. Internal heat transfer tube bundles can also be used as baffles. The vessels must withstand a 45 psig internal pressure and full vacuum of -14.7 psig, and comply with the ASME code. 

Rotary vacuum evaporator, with a 40 °C water-bath Round-bottom flasks, 50-, 100-, 500- and 1000-mL Separatory funnels, 250- and 500-mL Ultrasonic water-bath Vortex mixer... 

This cycle of vaporisation of the solvent, condensation, extraction, and vacuum-filtration may be repeated any number of times in a solid-fluid serial extractor. The occurrence of an extractive material fluid bed as a result of the flow of boiling hot vapour provides for effective extraction, while pressure filtration provides for short cycle times. This functional principle makes it possible to achieve filtration pressures which are 50-100 times more effective than when using the Soxhlet method, where only the low hydrostatic pressure of the extractive fluid operates. Solid-fluid-vortex extraction according to the proprietary FEXTRA (Feststoff Extraktion) principle is low cost. 

Standards, controls, and samples (250 fiL each) were treated with 500 fiL acetonitrile-acetic acid (99 1 v/v) containing IS (2.50 jUg/mL), vortexed for 10 sec, incubated for 5 min, and centrifuged at 15,000 g for 5 min. The supernatants (1650 //L) were loaded onto a polypropylene 96-well plate containing 900 fxL HPLC water under low vacuum. The SPE plates were conditioned with 500 fxL methanol followed by 300 jx. acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (30 69.5 0.5 v/v/v) (solvent A), washed with 1000 /xL solvent A, dried under full vacuum for 10 min, wiped dry with paper, eluted with 500 jxL methanol-trifluoroacetic acid (99.9 0.1 v/v) (solvent B) and then with 400 //L solvent B for 2 min, evaporated to dryness at 65°C under a gentle air stream, reconstituted with 200 /xL methanol-hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) (70 30 v/v) and assayed. The injection volume was 50 i L. Figure 11.3 shows chromatograms of blank plasma and spiked plasma with lumefantrine. A calibration curve was constructed in a concentration range of 25 to 20,000 ng/mL. Intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were below 5.2 and 4.0%, respectively. The limit of detection was 10 ng/mL. The limit of quantification was 25 ng/mL. 

This will be found almost exclusively in the rough vacuum range. The character of this type of flow is determined by the interaction of the molecules. Consequently Internal friction, the viscosity of the flowing substance. Is a major factor. If vortex motion appears In the streaming process, one speaks of turbulent flow. If various layers of the flowing medium slide one over the other, then the term laminar flow or layer flux may be applied. 

Materials and Solution Preparation. The poly( 1-amidoethylene) used in all experiments was a molecular weight standard supplied by Polysciences, Inc., as material 8249, batch 93-5. The polymer was dried for 3 hr. under a vacuum of < 10 Pa at a temperature of 25°C. The polymer was dispersed on a vortex of 0.01 M Na2S04 solution and stirred for 1 day. The solution was then centrifuged to remove undissolved polymer particles and the preweighed centrifuge tube was dried and reweighed. The polymer concentration of the master sample was calculated from the weight of polymer retained in the solution. The concentration of the master sample was 2,115 ppm or 0.2115 g/dL. 

In a screw-capped vial were placed malonic acid (0.52 g, 5.0 mmol, 3 equiv.), p-tolualdehyde lc (0.20 g, 1.67 mmol) and bentonite (0.72 g). The tube was capped and the contents of the tube were thoroughly mixed with a vortex mixer and then irradiated in the microwave oven for 5 min at a power of 1050 W. After the reaction the mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed successively with hexane (3xl0mL) and cold water (3xl0mL). The resulting mixture was immersed in ethyl acetate (2x10 mL) for 5 min. After removal of bentonite by filtration under vacuum, the mixture was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 2-(4-methylbenzylidene)malonic acid 2c as a white solid (0.29 g, 86%). This solid was recrystallized from hot, distilled water, mp 205-208 °C. 

Remove the 96-well filter plate from the plate vortex leaving the parfilm behind place on the vacuum manifold (with a waste collection container below) and apply vacuum (approx 200 mbar) so that each well slowly drips over several minutes until all the lysate has filtered through, and release the vacuum after the material has flowed through. 

The stock is pumped through a manifold into the headbox of the paper machine, where the stock flow is decelerated and distributed over the width of the machine. Various baffles and step diffusors are used to avoid vortex flow and stagnation zones. The furnish leaves the headbox through the slice, a narrow gap with controlled profile, and impacts on one or two endless screens, the so-called papermakers wire. Water is removed from the fiber mat by the action of foils and vacuum. 

Remove the supernatant by vacuum aspiration, add 150 pL of solution I to the tube, and resuspend the pellet by gentle vortex. Incubate at room temperature for 5 min. 

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