Functional principle

Design and Functional Principle of Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps 

The main components of a liquid ring vacuum pumps, a special version of liquid ring compressors are a cylindrical casing with, for example circular cross section and casing cover discs as well as an impeller with radial blades. 

If the rotation axis of the impeller is displaced radially in the casing, this is rather without influence on the formation of the hquid ring. However, the space available for the gaseous medium between the hquid surface and hub assumes a corrugated form. This corrugated space is subdivided several times by the blades in a circumferential direction. 

Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry, First Edition. Edited by Wolfgang Jorisch. 

In contrast to other displacement compressors, liquid ring machines have a fluid piston . This is subject to a constant motion and deformation depending on effective forces. Potential differences are rapidly equalised by the motion of the fluid inside the piston. If the ring liquid plunges into the blade area, then the pressure of the enclosed medium is increased. 

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J. Maier, Solids - defects and function Principles in the Physical Chemistry of solid state chemistry, B.G. Teubner Verlag (2000). 

First Principles Methods and the Density Functional Principle... 

This cycle of vaporisation of the solvent, condensation, extraction, and vacuum-filtration may be repeated any number of times in a solid-fluid serial extractor. The occurrence of an extractive material fluid bed as a result of the flow of boiling hot vapour provides for effective extraction, while pressure filtration provides for short cycle times. This functional principle makes it possible to achieve filtration pressures which are 50-100 times more effective than when using the Soxhlet method, where only the low hydrostatic pressure of the extractive fluid operates. Solid-fluid-vortex extraction according to the proprietary FEXTRA (Feststoff Extraktion) principle is low cost. 

In the following sections, the functioning principles of the single pumps used in cryogenics will be described. 

The following table shows the most important functional principles that are able to detect gases in mixtures frequently found in residential gas appliances. 

Tab. 3.1 Functional principles for detecting single gases in mixtures.

Fig. 3.20 Schematic view of an 02-probe with combined potentiometric and amperometric functional principle [4].

The Japanese company FIS Inc. has developed a 7-probe with a semiconductive cell made of BaSn03. The functional principle is based on the change in conductivity of the probe. The signal is generated by surface reactions with the local atmosphere and also is sensitive for the intermediate products and the free radicals resulting form combustion [6]. 

Kramer, R. (1994). Functional principles of solute transport systems concepts and perspectives, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1185, 1-34. 

Fig. 2 Functional principle of a storage power plant and its impact on runoff characteristics (acc.

Any reaction in solution may be considered to result from both EPD-EPA and ED-EA interactions. The sequence of functions follows the functional principle a chemical interaction is initiated when the reacting entity exhibits one of the four functions, while the other reactant exhibits the reverse correlated function. The reaction is completed when the resulting electronic changes are compensated for by the reverse non-correlated functions. This may be illustrated by the reaction of lithium metal with water 3, 5). 

This ion is readily hydrated since, in agreement with the functional principle, the oxygen atoms are capable of developing the EPD function to form outer-sphere complexes with water functioning as EPA ... 

McNally EM, Lapidos KA, Wheeler MT. Skeletal muscle sUucture and function. Principles of molecular medicine. 2nd ed. Totowa Humana Press Inc. 2006. pp. 674-681. 

The occurrence of tandem-hke repeats of the DNA elements, in conjimction with the oligomerization of the cognate DNA-binding protein, allow specific structures to be created which are vital for further regulatory processes. This functional principle is... 

Fig. 1.21. Structural and functional principles of transcription activators. Typical transcription activators of encaryotes possess a DNA-binding domain, an effector domain and a transactivating domain. An incoming signal is registered by the effector domain and transformed into a change in affinity for DNA. In the active state, the transcription activator is capable of binding to its cognate DNA-binding element. Protein-protein interactions with the transcription apparatus bound to the promoter mediate a stimnlation of transcription initiation.

The receptors for acetylcholine, GABA, glycine and serotonin have a homologous structure and form a superfamily. The best-investigated representative of this superfamUy is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, for which extensive biochemical and structural data are available. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor can be treated as a representative of the other receptors of the superfamUy since it can be assumed that the structure-function principles of this receptor apply to the others. 

Epple, A. (1982). Functional principles of vertebrate endocrine systems. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologische Gesettschaft 75,117-126. 

At last, the double focusing sector field mass spectrometer (EBQjQ2) should briefly be addressed. This mass analyser represents a highly sophisticated early design that has rarely been used for routine analysis especially for quantification. For detailed information on the functional principle the reader is referred to respective textbooks on mass spectrometry. We mention this technique as Kajbaf et al. used EBQjQ2 for detection and identification of the QTA cimetropium and its biotransformation products from liver microsomal mixtures in offline analysis of HPLC fractions after FAB ionization [23, 62] (Table 7). 

Fig. 9 Functional Principle of the Synchronous Ion Shield Mass Analyzer...

From the numerous and partly new functional principles as discussed in previous sections the number and complexity of the peripheral components needed to operate the PIMMS can be estimated. Besides the PIMMS-chip itself and the environment providing an appropriate vacuum the electronic hardware is another very important parameter, which determines the cost and size of the device. As the many subsystems of the spectrometer and their interactions are not standard, in many respects completely new electronic has to be generated to drive the system and read and evaluate the measurements, respectively. To allow real-time applications, such as online control, several hardware components have to work independently from a central controller, which is another challenge for the firmware and software implementation. This section presents an overview on present state of the hardware, firmware, and software infrastructure for the PIMMS and will outline the further steps for industrialization. 

Function principle the electron cloud associated with metal atoms at a surface extends a very small distance... 

Figure 6.123 Functional principle of a Coriolis mass flowmeter.

Figure 6.130 Infrared absorption analyser (functional principle).

Figure 6.133 Gas detector with pellistors , functional principle.

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