Volatility, 699 applications

Table II. Operating Conditions for Separation of n-Paraffins from C16-C32 Wax Distillate With Supercritical Solvent Volatility Application and 5A Molecular Sieves...

Lede J. (1994) Reaction Temperature of Solid Particules Undergoing an Endothermal Volatilization, Application to the Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy, 7, 49-60. 

Lede, J., (1994) Reaction ten erature of solid particles undergoing an endothermal volatilization. Application to the fast pyrolysis of biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol.7, No.l, 49-60... 

The FTE resin as formulated contains 40% solvent (28/15.acetone/ toluene) by volume. Figure 5 indicates the solubility and viscosity profile of this resin when reduced to 40% non-volatile (application solids) with methanol, hexane (Shell Sol hydrocarbon solvent B), Super VM P naphtha, or blends of these solvents. 

Chemical properties structure, solubility, volatility Application methods formulation, rate, mode Degradation patterns pathways, metabolite formation... 

Graham, J.F. and D.P. Clay The use of dilute smoke extracts for the analysis of semi-volatiles Application to the study of triacetin release from acetate filters 29th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 29, Paper No. 56, 1975, p. 

Etudes en laboratoire de processus d oxydation atmosph6rique de composes organiques volatils Application a la pollution photooxydante. 

Especially useful as a plasticizer in applications requiring good elongation retention such as high-tenaperature PVC wire coatings. Its excellent resistance to soapy water extraction also makes it attractive for use in vinyl film and vinyl coated fabrics. TOTM is often a good substitute for polyester polymeric plasticizers in low volatility applications where improvements in processing are desired. 

Palatinol TOTM is often a good substitute for polyester polymeric plasticizers in low volatility applications where improvements in processing are desired. 

A. J. Matich, Analysis of food and plant volatiles, Applications of Solid Phase Microextraction (J. Pawliszyn, ed.), MPG Books Ltd., Bodmin, Cornwall, UK, 1999, p. 349. 

The preceding definition is applicable to other characteristics such as MON, vapor pressure and volatility characteristics such as E70 and El00. 

Volatility is one of the most important properties of a hydrocarbon solvent. Volatility has a direct relation to the time it takes to evaporate the solvent and, therefore, to the drying time for the dissolved product. The desired value of volatility varies greatly with the nature of the dissolved product and its application temperature. Therefore, whether it be an ink that needs to dry at ambient temperature, sometimes very fast, or whether it be an extraction solvent, the volatility needs are not the same. 

In corrosion, adsorbates react directly with the substrate atoms to fomi new chemical species. The products may desorb from the surface (volatilization reaction) or may remain adsorbed in fonning a corrosion layer. Corrosion reactions have many industrial applications, such as dry etching of semiconductor surfaces. An example of a volatilization reaction is the etching of Si by fluorine [43]. In this case, fluorine reacts with the Si surface to fonn SiF gas. Note that the crystallinity of the remaining surface is also severely disrupted by this reaction. An example of corrosion layer fonnation is the oxidation of Fe metal to fonn mst. In this case, none of the products are volatile, but the crystallinity of the surface is dismpted as the bulk oxide fonns. Corrosion and etching reactions are discussed in more detail in section A3.10 and section C2.9. 

The successful application of an external standardization or the method of standard additions, depends on the analyst s ability to handle samples and standards repro-ducibly. When a procedure cannot be controlled to the extent that all samples and standards are treated equally, the accuracy and precision of the standardization may suffer. For example, if an analyte is present in a volatile solvent, its concentration will increase if some solvent is lost to evaporation. Suppose that you have a sample and a standard with identical concentrations of analyte and identical signals. If both experience the same loss of solvent their concentrations of analyte and signals will continue to be identical. In effect, we can ignore changes in concentration due to evaporation provided that the samples and standards experience an equivalent loss of solvent. If an identical standard and sample experience different losses of solvent. 

Gravimetric methods based on precipitation or volatilization reactions require that the analyte, or some other species in the sample, participate in a chemical reaction producing a change in physical state. For example, in direct precipitation gravimetry, a soluble analyte is converted to an insoluble form that precipitates from solution. In some situations, however, the analyte is already present in a form that may be readily separated from its liquid, gas, or solid matrix. When such a separation is possible, the analyte s mass can be directly determined with an appropriate balance. In this section the application of particulate gravimetry is briefly considered. 

Environmental Analysis One of the most important environmental applications of gas chromatography is for the analysis of numerous organic pollutants in air, water, and wastewater. The analysis of volatile organics in drinking water, for example, is accomplished by a purge and trap, followed by their separation on a capillary column with a nonpolar stationary phase. A flame ionization, electron capture, or... 

Despite their importance, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography cannot be used to separate and analyze all types of samples. Gas chromatography, particularly when using capillary columns, provides for rapid separations with excellent resolution. Its application, however, is limited to volatile analytes or those analytes that can be made volatile by a suitable derivatization. Liquid chromatography can be used to separate a wider array of solutes however, the most commonly used detectors (UV, fluorescence, and electrochemical) do not respond as universally as the flame ionization detector commonly used in gas chromatography. 

J. E. Ellis and G. Iveson, The Application of Gas-Eiquid Chromatography to the Analysis of Volatile Halogen and Interhalogen Compounds, Gas Chromatography, Butterworths, London, 1956 pp. 300—309. 

Volatilization. The susceptibility of a herbicide to loss through volatilization has received much attention, due in part to the realization that herbicides in the vapor phase may be transported large distances from the point of application. Volatilization losses can be as high as 80—90% of the total applied herbicide within several days of application. The processes that control the amount of herbicide volatilized are the evaporation of the herbicide from the solution or soHd phase into the air, and dispersal and dilution of the resulting vapor into the atmosphere (250). These processes are influenced by many factors including herbicide application rate, wind velocity, temperature, soil moisture content, and the compound s sorption to soil organic and mineral surfaces. Properties of the herbicide that influence volatility include vapor pressure, water solubility, and chemical stmcture (251). 

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