Volatile components Identification

These are semisolid or solid substances formed in nature from crude oils after the volatile components have evaporated and the remainder has undergone oxidation and polymerization. They are also referred to as bitumens, waxes, and pitch. These materials are believed to consist of mixtures of complex organic molecules of high molecular weight. As with crude oils, which contain thousands of different chemical compounds, an exact chemical analysis for identification and composition is impractical to perform on the solid deposits of petroleum. 

Bicchi, D., Belliardo, F., and Frattini, C. (1983). Identification of the volatile components of some Piedmontese Italy honeys. /. Apicult. Res. 22,130-136. 

The second, more theoretical approach is based on the chemical analysis of the volatile compounds which are emitted. The scope is to find and to identify one or more volatile compounds which are specific for the current status of the cooking process. A possible disadvantage of this approach is that after the identification of volatile components it cannot be assured that suitable gas sensors are available or can be developed. 

Mattina, M.J.I., Pignatello, J.J. and Swiharat, R.K. (1991) Identification of volatile components of bobcat (Lynx rufus) urine. J. Chem. Ecol. 17, 451-462. 

For the more volatile components of water samples, i.e. those with boiling points up to about 250°C, gas chromatography has been a favoured technique for several decades. However, with the realization that retention time measurements alone are insufficient to identify organics there has been an increasing move in recent years to connect a gas chromatograph to a mass spectrometer in order to provide unequivocal identifications. Element-specific detectors are another recent development. 

Identification of volatile components in headspace from animal slurries... 

Mathieu, F., Malosse, C., and Frerot, B. Identification of the volatile components released by fresh coffee berries at different stages of ripeness, J. Agric. Food Chem., 46 (3) 1106-1110, 1998. 

Williams, P. J. and Strauss, C. R. (1978). Studies of volatile components in the dichloromethane extract of Australian flor sherries. The identification of the isomeric ethylideneglycerols. J. Inst. Brew. 84, 144-147. 

Caffee, M. W., Hudson, G. B., Velsco, C., Huss, G. R., Alexander, E. C., Jr., Chivas, A. R. (1999) Primoridial noble gases from Earth s mantle Identification of a primitive volatile component. Science, 285, 2115-8. 

Figure 2. Gas chromatographic analysis of the polar volatile components from butteroil heated for 1 hr at 185 C. Only the relevant peak identifications are given in Table 1.

Specific areas where FTIR has provided valuable information include quantitative analysis of active material impurity identification in technical material analysis of volatile components from formulated material and the identification of metabolites. In this paper, we will discuss the results from these studies and describe some of the problems we encountered. We will also discuss some of the new developments in FTIR that might prove useful in pesticide analysis. 

Abbas, B.S., Jabbari, A. and Yamini, Y. (2005) Headspace solvent microextraction a very rapid method for identification of volatile components of Iranian Pimpinella anisum seed. Analytics Chimica Acta 530(1), 155-161. 

A stream of nitrogen gas was passed through freshly collected mother s milk and the effluent collected by adsorption on a Tenax TA resin (2,6-diphenylene oxide based). Subsequent desorption into a GC-MS instrument led to the identification of 21 volatile components (low-molecular-weight aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and lactone) in the milk headspace. When each was screened for behavioral activity, one, 2-methylbut-2-enal (34), was clearly the main compound responsible for eliciting searching—grasping responses in the rabbit pup test subjects. 

In subsequent studies the simple terpenes EJi-a- and -/3-farnesene (3 8 and 39, respectively) were identified in dominant male urine.128 These odoriferous terpenes had long been recognized as components of cues released by a variety of other organisms (red fire ants, aphids, wild potato plants, fruit flies, and springbok). Because neither was detected in male bladder urine, attention was focused on the preputial glands as the source. Volatile components from dissected, fat-free preputial glands of dominant male mice were, again, preconcentrated on Ten ax. Subsequent GC analysis readily allowed identification of known 37 and 38. None of the earlier two components 36 or 37 was observed in the preputial volatiles, but both were present in the bladder urine of the same animals. 

Why use MS/MS analysis of volatile components frcm food and flavor components Figure 1 provides the answer. Hie top trace is the capillary column gas chromatographic profile of the concentrated volatiles fran a knockwurst sausage sanple. The tenperature program of 55 C to 180 C at 5° per minute establishes the time scale frcm beginning to end of run as 25 minutes. Coupled to a mass spectrometer for identification, each of the many conpounds can be examined by the mass spectrometer for only a few seconds. 

Although there are many studies in the literature that have focused on the identification and quantification of wine aroma compounds, to understand fully wine aroma perception it is necessary to incorporate the study of the interactions between aroma components and non-volatile wine matrix macro-components. This phenomenon influences aroma volatility and solubility, and thus its release from wine. Aroma release ultimately influences aroma perception. Although some research has been devoted to the study of interactions of aroma compounds and non-volatile components of wine, the diversity and significant of these interactions have not been thoroughly considered. This chapter is devoted to a discussion of this topic. 

Unfortunately, retort waters themselves are a major source of a great variety of organic compounds whose subsequent fate at the dumpsite raises additional questions with regard to both ground and air pollution. Our interests center on the latter problem of air emissions. The identification of the volatile components and their frequency of occurrence among waters from different processes is the subject of this report. 

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