Vitamins recommended daily amounts

Declarations may only be made regarding vitamins and minerals that are listed in the annex of the directive provided that the vitamins and minerals are present in significant amounts . Significant amounts are defined as that per 100 g or 100 mL of the food, or per package - if the package contains one portion it should contain 15% or more of recommended daily amount as listed in Table 2. 

Table 2 Recommended daily amounts of vitamins and minerals...

Absence of reported adverse effects does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects from high intake. Caution should still be used when taking doses well in excess of the recommended daily amounts. Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [www.iom.edu) Food Nutrition > Dietary Reference Intakes > DRI Tables > Vitamins. 

Cystic fibrosis patients are usually advised to take more than the recommended daily amounts of these vitamins in order to prevent deficiency. A common problem associated with poor absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is deficiency of vitamin K. Vitamin K is required by the liver to produce many blood coagulation factors. Part of the problem for cystic fibrosis patients is their chronic antibiotic therapy, which decreases the bacterial population of the colon colonic bacteria synthesize vitamin K. Vitamin K deficiency leads to prolonged blood-clotting time. Vitamin D deficiency could cause rickets in a child or osteomalacia in adults. Vitamin A deficiency leads to night blindness, skin and other ocular defects. 

Several arguments may be advanced in support of the thesis that the optimal molecular concentrations of substances normally present In the body may be different from the concentrations provided by the diet and by the gene-controlled synthetic mechanisms of the body, and also, for essential nutrilites, such as vitamins, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids, different from the minimal daily amounts required for life for the average human being or the recommended" daily amounts suggested for good health. 

In Figure 14-10 there are shown the recommended daily amounts (RDA) of vitamins, as estimated by the Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences —National Research Council. These amounts are described as enough to prevent manifestations of vitamin deficiency in most healthy persons, and it is said that the amounts are contained in a good diet, so that there is no need for use of vitamin supplements by healthy persons ingesting a good diet. 

Think Aix>ut It Elimination of vitamin C causes the urine to be more acidic, which can inhibit the growth of some bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections. Taking laiger doses than the official recommended daily amount of 60 mg is recommended by many physicians to lower the incidence of such infections. Fat-soluble vitamins cannot be eliminated in this way, and taking too much can lead to vitamin toxicity. 

Side effects with the doses used have been few and consist mainly of a tendency to constipation. Since with higher doses steatorrhea has been observed and longterm administration may result in deficiencies of various fat soluble vitamins, the recommended daily amounts of 12—15 gm should not be exceeded. 

A balanced human diet needs to contain a large number of different components. These include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals (including water), and vitamins. These substances can occur in widely varying amounts and proportions, depending on the type of diet. As several components of the diet are essential for life, they have to be regularly ingested with food. Recommended daily min-imums for nutrients have been published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a number of national expert committees. 

It is thus clear that the intake of vitamin D in idiopathic hypercalcemia may be no higher than the amount recommended by the British Paediatric Association but that in many cases the intake is supraoptimal. Yet in Britain intakes of over 1000 units of vitamin D daily are the rule rather than the exception, and of the great number of infants who receive them only the minutest fraction develop idiopathic hypercalcemia. Creery and Neill (C4) have shown that in Britain 4 % of infants receive over 2000 IU daily 51 % 1000-2000 19 %, 600-1000 15 %, less than 600 units and 11 %, no vitamin D supplement or fortification of any sort. 

Nutrition is an important part of ready-to-eat cereal. To make cereal healthier, mai r nutrients are added. Unfortunately, nutrients degrade over time, making it necessary to add more than the declared amount to assure enough for the life of the cereal. Vitamin X is declared at a level of 20% of the Recommended Daily Allowance per sewing size (serving size = 30 g). The Recommended Daily Allowance is 6500 lU (1.7 x 10 lU = 1 g). It has been formd that the degradation of this nutrient is first-orderin the amount of nutrients. Accelerated... 

Folate is a water-soluble vitamin. The recommended daily allowances (RDAs) of folate for the adult man and woman are 20fJ and 101) pg, respectively. The RDA is defined in the Preface. Folate is critically important for growth, and for this reason it is required in increased amounts during pregnancy (400 pg. The need for dietary folate remains elevated after pregnancy and during lactation because of the Irans-... 

Table 7-1 shows some of the elements included in vitamin and mineral supplements. The contents and quantities vary among supplements. Daily value (DV) means the amount of each element recommended daily. Which elements would qualify as trace elements ... 

Appiying Concepts The recommended daily allowance of calcium is 1000 mg of Ca ions. Calcium carbonate is used to supply the calcium in vitamin tablets. How many moles of calcium ions does 1000 mg represent How many moles of calcium carbonate are needed to supply the required amount of calcium ions What mass of calcium carbonate must each tablet contain ... 

The manufacturer s guidelines recommend initiating IVLE in adults with a test dose of 0.5 to 1 mL/min for the first 15 to 30 minutes because of the potential for an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. In most patients, this is probably not necessary because of the relatively low incidence and benign nature of acute adverse reactions. In addition, infusion over 20 to 24 hours eliminates the need for a test dose because the infusion rate is less than the test-dose rate recommended by the manufacturer. Appropriate electrolytes should be provided to patients with normal organ function based on standard nutrient ranges. Adjustments may be necessary depending on the patient s clinical condition. Adults and children older than 11 years of age should receive daily amounts of trace elements and an adult vitamin formulation. 

Rats that are deprived of vitamin E become infertile, but the reasons for this effect are unknown. Vitamin E is known to prevent the oxidation of double bonds in the hydrocarbon tails of membrane lipids, and this may be its major function. Because oxidation reactions accelerate aging, some researchers believe that vitamin E may help to retard the aging process. The RDA for vitamin E is expressed in a-tocopherol equivalents (a-TE) because this is the most active form of vitamin E. The recommended daily intake is 10 a-TE for males and 8 a-TE for females. This is roughly the amount of vitamin E in a tablespoon of vegetable oil. 

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