Vitamin using

WATKINS M L, ERICSON J D, THUN M J, MULINARE J and HEATHC w Jr (2000) Multi-vitamin use and mortality in a large prospective study . Am J Epidemiol, 152, 149-62. 

FIGURE 16 HPLC chromatogram of water-soluble vitamins using ion-pair chromatography. LC conditions and peak identification are shown in the inset.The retention times of basic analytes (pyridoxine and thiamine) are strongly dependent of the concentration of ion-pairing reagent (1-hexanesulfonate) in the mobile phase. Reprinted with permission from Reference 17. 

Vegetables should be cooked as lightly as possible, and the cooking water (which contains minerals and vitamins) used in soups and stocks. Salads and raw vegetables are particnlarly good sources of vitamins and minerals. Seeds are more nutritious if they are ground or milled. Dried frnits are good sources of some minerals. 

Fig. 7 Comparative HPLC separations of a standard solution of six vitamins using (A) 250 X 4.0-mm-ID standard-bore and (B) 250 X 2.0-mm-ID narrow-bore columns. Stationary phase (both columns), 5-/tm Nu-cleosil-120-5 C8 (octyl) mobile phase, methanol/water (92 8). Flow rate (A) 0.7 ml/min, (B) 0.2 ml/min. Injection volume, 1 fi 1. Wavelength-programmed absorbance detection. Peaks (1) retinol (2) retinyl acetate (3) vitamin D3 (4) a-tocopherol (5) a-tocopheryl acetate (6) retinyl palmitate. (From Ref. 108.)...

Table 6 Absolute Detection Limits (DLs) of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Using Standard-Bore (4.0-mm-ID) and Narrow-Bore (2.0-mm-ID) Columns and UV Detection...

Figure 12.3 Structures of common vitamins used in targeting drug delivery systems.

Normal-phase HPLC on silica columns are also used extensively in D3 analysis of vitamin products with nonpolar mobile phase containing polar modifiers. Krol et al. (66) separated D3 from pre-D3 and from a mixture of other vitamins using an adsorptive silica support introduced in 1972 (Vydac , supplied at that time by Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. State College, Penn.). The hand-packed column was used in conjunction with a mobile phase of pen-tane tetrahydrofuran (97.5 2.5). Sterule (32) used aluminum oxide as column support with chloroform as the mobile phase. Separation of D3 and its isomers and from vitamin A acetate was achieved. 

Used for phenols, amines, amino acids, amino phosphoric acids, saccharides, and vitamins Useful for the relatively straightforward acylation of hydroxyl groups, secondary or tertiary amines... 

To test the system a synthetic feed mixture of a-Tocopherol and a-Tocopherol acetate both of 98 % purity, were used. Vitamin E (a-Tocopherol) is one of the fat-soluble vitamins used as an antioxidant in the food, pharma and cosmetic industries. 

Inadequate saturation of enzymes with (vitamin-derived) coenzymes. This can be tested for three vitamins, using red blood cell enzymes thiamin (Section 6.5.3), riboflavin (Section 7.5.2), and vitamin Be (Section 9.5.3). 

Folate Is a generic term referring to a family of related compounds. All of these compounds represent modifications of the simplest form of the vitamin, folic acid (pteroylglutamic add, PlcGlu). Folic add does not occur in nature in appreciable amounts, though it is readily assimilated by the body and converted to the active cofactor forms of the vitamin. Folic acid is the form of the vitamin used in folate supplements. Folates are modified by reduction and by a poly glutamyl chain or tail. The reduced folates include dlhydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate. 

The study shown in Figure 9.53 illustrates the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in stimulating the uptake of calcium ions by the intestines. Chick duodena were Incubated in a salt solution containing radioactive calcium ions and vitamin D at the indicated levels Each point in the figure represents the uptake of calcium occurring during a separate incubation period. The forms of the vitamin used included 1,25-(OH)2D3 ( ), l-fOHJD (A), 25-(OH)D3 (A), 24,25-(OH)jDj (O), and... 

Fig. 3A illustrates the CCC separation of fat-soluble vitamins using the cross-axis CPC equipped with eccentric coil assemblies. Calciferol, vitamin A acetate, and ( )-oc-tocopherol acetate were well resolved from each other and eluted within 2.5 h. Vitamin K3 and Vitamin Ki were also completely resolved with the same solvent system, as shown in Fig. 3B. 

Table 1 hRp Values of Lipophilic Vitamins Using Various Separation Systems and Detection of Lipophilic Vitamins... 

TABLE 26-1 Daily Values of the Vitamins Used in Food Labeling ... 

Disposable transport-facilitating moieties are also used to enhance the absorption of the water-soluble vitamins used as food additives, such as thiamine, ascorbic acid, and riboflavine. The vitamin derivatives obtained are poorly water-soluble and therefore are less extracted during the preparation of the food, which also gives some protection against oxidative decomposition. The increased lipophilicity enhances absorption from the intestinal tract (Fig. 32)151 155>. 

Debilitating disease and GI disorders The patient must be able to absorb, metabolize, and excrete vitamins used in vitamin therapy. 

Thus, the flow of reducing equivalents in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is from pyruvate to lipoyl to FAD to NAD+. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA requires four vitamins thiamine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin. In contrast, in glycolysis, niacin is the only vitamin used. NADH generated in this reaction is oxidized to NAD+ in the electron transport... 

Importance of thiamine An important water-soluble vitamin used as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions involving the transfer of an aldehyde group. Without thiamine, individuals can develop dementia, macrocytic anemia (folate deficiency), gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease, depression, nutritional deficiencies, cardiomyopathy, and pancreatitis. 

The major producers of the rose alcohols and citral have become so for a variety of reasons. Companies which manufacture wood and paper products produce sulfate turpentine or similar by-products rich in pinenes. They, or their subsidiaries, may then produce terpenoid fragrance materials from pinenes as a way of generating income from their by-product. Pharmaceutical companies which manufacture vitamins use terpenoid intermediates and so will often diversify into the manufacture of aroma chemicals. Their basic feedstocks are likely to be of petrochemical origin. Similarly, manufacturers of synthetic rubber possess technology for the use of isoprene as a feedstock and so are also likely to diversify into terpene aroma chemical manufacture. Fragrance companies will develop a position in terpenoid chemistry because of the importance of terpenoids as ingredients. 

In addition, the patient must be assessed for debiMtating diseases and GI disorders that may dismpt the absorption, metaboMsm, and excretion of vitamins used to treat vitamin deficiency. 

Products and Uses A single-celled fungus, which produces enzymes that change sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Used in the fermentation of sugars, molasses, and cereals for alcohol. It is considered a food supplement and source of vitamins. Used in baked, cooked, brewed food and beverage products. 

Shaw, G.M. et al., Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate, and the occurrence of neural tube defects. Epidemiology, 6, 219, 1995. 

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