Vitamin growth, muscle

The nutritional experiments with carotene and fish oils led to the conclusion that a second fat-soluble compound was essential for normal rat growth. Rickets, the condition caused by vitamin D deficiency, is a disease afflicting children where, because of impaired calcification, bone formation is disturbed and the bones become bowed and otherwise deformed. In adults, especially multiparous women, vitamin D deficiency produced osteomalacia—demineralization of bone, leading to tenderness over the bones, pain, and muscle weakness. Rickets was particularly prevalent in slum areas. Glasgow, Vienna, and Lahore were notorious for the high incidence of the disease. 

Vitamin F, substances are necessary for the normal growth of animals. Without vitamin E, the animals develop infertility, abnormalities of the central nervous system, and myopathies involving both skeletal and cardiac muscle. The antioxidant activity of the tocopherols is in reverse order to that of their vitamin activity. Muscular tissue taken from a deficient... 

Vitamin A has essential roles in vision, bone and muscle growth, reproduction and maintenance of healthy epithelial tissue. Naturally occurring precursors of vitamin A are found in some seeds, leafy green vegetables and forages such as lucerne. The common form of the precursor is p-carotene, which can be converted into vitamin A in the intestinal wall. Carotene is present in considerable quantities in pasture, lucerne hay or meal, and yellow maize. Carotene and vitamin A are rapidly destroyed by exposure to air, light and rancidity, especially at high temperature. Since it is difficult to assess the amount of vitamin A present in the feed, diets should be supplemented with this vitamin. 

Quiescent, perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells (HSC) accumulate retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites) in large cytoplasmic droplets and store about 80% of body s retinoids. However, these cells also express the muscle protein desmin and become activated to myofibroblasts upon exposure to hepatotoxicants. Activated HSC synthesize extracellular matrix proteins, especially when stimulated by cytokines and growth factors (see Section 28.4.2). 

Muscle anaerobic glycolysis yields lactate - Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (UK, shared Nobel Prize, Medicine, 1929, growth stimulating vitamins) Sir Archibald Hill (UK) ... 

Vitamin E is a biological antioxidant necessary to prevent cell membrane damage. It is essential for proper growth, hormone functions, and proper muscle and nervous system activity. Vitamin E also retards fats and oils oxidation. Defined sources are as follows. 

Concentrated feed is formulated ivith the specific needs of each animal group and the requirements of the particular industry in mind, whereby growth (fat and/or muscle development), endurance, subsistence, and special performances (e.g., high rate of egg production) are encouraged and supported. Since, in comparison to the basic nutritional feed components carbohydrates, proteins, fats, amides, fibers, and water, the relative gravimetric and volumetric amounts of additives, such as minerals and vitamins, are very small, uniform distribution in the bulk feed became a challenge (Section 6.2.1) and segregation a problem. It was also found that certain animals did... 

Schwarz observed that rats maintained on yeast diets developed a fatal necrosis of the liver, which could be prevented either by vitamin E and cysteine, as well as by a third factor ( Factor 3 ), which was recognized to be an organic selenium compound (Schwarz and Foltz 1957). Sodium selenite and other inorganic and organic selenium compounds were generally found to have lower Factor 3 activity. Other selenium-responsive disorders are White Muscle disease in sheep, calves, and horses, hepatosis dietetica and mulberry heart disease in swine, and exudative diathesis and pancreatic fibrosis in chickens. In goats, selenium deficiency adversely affected growth, reproduction and milk performance (Anke et al. 

Carnitine was discovered in the beginning of this century in muscle tissue extracts. For a long time, the physiological role of carnitine remained obscure. An important observation was made by Fraenkel and Friedmarm when they identified an essential factor required for growth of the meal worm Tenebrio molitor The identity of this essential component which they named Vitamin Bj, was later resolved by Carter et al as 3-hydroxy-4-trimethylaminobutyric acid (carnitine). These studies were soon followed... 

Deficient la-hydroxylase activity, characterized by the infantile onset of severe hypocalcemia, moderate hypophosphatemia, and responsiveness to pltysiologic doses of calcitriol, has been called hereditary pseudo-vitamin D deficiency rickets (PDDR), vitamin D dependency because of its responsiveness to active vitamin D, or vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1. This disease is now more simply and appropriately termed vitamin D la-hydroxylase deficiency. Affected persons are normal at birth but have growth retardation, poor motor development, arrd generalized muscle weakness by 2 years of age. Affected children develop hypocalcerrria, hypophosphatemia, increased seram alkaline phosphatase activity, and increased seram PTH some develop hypocalcerrric seizures. Serum concentratiorrs of 1,25(0H)2D are low despite normal concerrtra-tions of 250HD responses to administration of 1,25(0H)2D are excellent. 

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