Virus nucleic acids

Vibrio (i) Curved, rod-shaped bacterial cell, (ii) Bacterium of the genus Vibrio. Virion Virus particle the virus nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat and in some cases other material. 

Early steps in replication of the virus nucleic acid, in which the host cell biosynthetic machinery is altered as a prelude to virus nucleic acid synthesis. Virus-specific enzymes may be made ... 

Possee, R. D. and Howard, S. C. (1987). Analysis of the polyhedrin gene promoter of the Autographa califor-nica nudear polyhedrosis virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 10233-10248. 

Further application involved collected of fluorescence from dansyl-labeled bovine serum albumin via TIRF optics 150), TIRF-immunoassay for specific dye-labeled antibodies binding from the solution to an antigen-coated surface 151), and a viro-meter — a optical sensor for viruses treated with a fluorescent probe bound to the virus nucleic acid 152,153). 

Martins, A., Ribeiro, G., Marques, M. I., and Costa, J. V. (1994). Genetic identification and nucleotide sequence of the DNA polymerase gene of African swine fever virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 22, 208-213. 

Caspar, D. L. D. Klug, A. 1963 Structure and assembly of regular virus particles. In Viruses, nucleic acids, and cancer, pp. 27-39. Baltimore Williams Wilkins. 

The methods used in the recovery, extraction, and purification must be described in detail. Special attention must be paid to the elimination of viruses, nucleic acids, and undesirable antigenic materials. 

Dasgupta, R., and Kaesberg, P. (1982). Complete nucleotide sequences of the coat protein messenger RNAs of brome mosaic virus and covqiea chlorotic motde virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 10, 703-713. 

Kaufman, R. J., Davies, M. V., Wasley, L. C. and Michnick, D. (1991). Improved vectors for stable expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells by use of the untranslated leader sequence from EMC virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490. 

In order to increase the sensitivity of screening, so as to minimize the so-called window period during which serological markers will not detect the infectivity marker, methods of detecting nucleic acids from, for example, the virus particle have been developed. Hepatitis C virus nucleic acid testing is obligatory in Europe, the USA, and Japan, and in many countries nucleic acid testing for other viruses has also been implemented. There is nevertheless no doubt that in future PCR-based methods will further increase the safety of blood and blood products. 

Urdea MS, Horn T, Fultz TJ, Anderson M, Running JA, Hamren S, et al. Branched DNA amplification multimers for the sensitive, direct detection of human hepatitis viruses. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 1991 197-200. 

Abe K, Edamoto Y, Park YN, Nomura AM, TaltavuU TC, Tani M, et al. In situ detection of hepatitis B, C, and G virus nucleic acids in human hepatocellular... 

Use As an anion exchanger in chromatography. It is less basic than DEAE-cellulose and serves to separate viruses, nucleic acids, and nucleoproteins. 

Koonin, E. V., A highly conserved sequence motif defining the family of MutT-related proteins from eubacteria, eukaryotes and viruses, Nucleic Acids Res., 21,4847,1993. 

Yarmolinsky, M. In Viruses, Nucleic Acids, and Cancer, p. 151. Baltimore Williams and Wilkins Co. 1963. 

The inhibition of mammalian virus nucleic acid polymerase by fagaronine chloride has been studied, as has the mutagenicity of nitidine and O-methyl-fagaronine. The basic optical electronic characteristics of sanguinarine sulphate have been discussed. ... 

Crick and Watson were the first to suggest that small viruses were built up of small protein subunits packed together symmetrically to form a protective shell for the nucleic acid. They reasoned that formation of small identical molecules was an efficient use of the limited information contained in the virus nucleic acid. They also realized that, of the types of symmetry possible for a three-dimensional structure enclosing space, only the cubic point groups could lead to an isometric particle, which was the known symmetry of many viruses at the time. Three types of cubic symmetry exist namely,... 

Stunnenberg, H. G., Lange, H., Philipson, L., van Miltenburg, R. T., and van der Vliet, P. C. (1988) High expression of functional adenovirus DNA polymerase and precursor terminal protein using recombinant vaccinia virus. Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 2431-2444. 

RNA was not a precursor in the synthesis of virus DNA and was essentially inert in infected cells. Shortly afterwards, Putnam and Kozloff (258) reported that T6, like T2 and T4, derives about 70% of its P from the medium and the remainder from the host cell, but from experiments with differentially labeled cells, they reasoned that bacterial DNA rather than acid-soluble P was the major source of the host contribution to virus DNA. More detailed studies with differentially labeled cells have substantiated the conclusions for T6r+ (162,287), and investigation of the kinetics of P assimilation into virus nucleic acid has confirmed these... 

When N -labeled E. coli are infected with T6r+ bacteriophage, about 80% of the viral N is derived from the medium and the other 20% comes from the bacterial cell (Kozloff, Knowlton, Putnam, and Evans, 160,163) the converse holds true when E. coli are infected with T7 (Putnam, Miller, Palm, and Evans, 262). Thus, the assimilation of virus N resembles that for virus P in that relatively more of the inorganic compounds of the medium are channeled into virus synthesis for the large phages than for the small ones. However, several important differences exist between N and P metabolism during phage multiplication (1) Analytically, P occurs almost wholly in the virus nucleic acid, whereas N is about equally divided between the nucleic acid and protein of the phage. Tracer... 

From a variety of sources information has been amassed that virus nucleic acid and protein synthesis take place independently with regard to time and the nitrogenous precursors (1) Cohen (56,57) finds that protein synthesis goes on from the beginning of infection but DNA formation is initiated only after a lag of about 10 to 12 minutes. (2) Indirect evidence from study of the effects of inhibitors such as proflavine and mustard gas and of radiation sensitivity suggests that DNA formation... 

In any theory the idea that the whole phage particle is the template must be discarded because the isotope studies have clearly demonstrated that the virus is broken down and only a portion enters the bacterial cell. This reproductive form, if it is such, contains little or no protein hence both specificity of form and hereditary structure must be largely or wholly associated with the virus nucleic acid. If the proteinaceous membrane of the phage is really excluded from the cell, as all the evidence indicates, we are left with the dilemma that phage protein is reproduced either by virtue of specific units smaller than genes (100a) or by unknown long-distance forces. 

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