Viral pathogens response

The oxidation of thiol groups disrupts redox balance (deflned later in this chapter), which can set into motion a cascade of events, such as apoptosis, oxidant production, and increased activity of redox-regulated transcription factors (e.g., nuclear factor kappa beta [NF-kB]). The occurrence of OS is not isolated to the vesicant class of weapons of mass destmction (WMD). Radiation (Kang et al., 2006), bacterial infections (e.g., anthrax) (Hanna et al., 1994 Kuhn et al., 2006), viral infections (e.g., influenza) (Ghezzi and Ungheri, 2004), and ricin (Kumar et al., 2003 Suntres et al., 2005) exposures also induce OS as part of the host pathogen response, which is acute inflammation. 

Appropriate immunizations should be a primary consideration in the prevention of infections in HSCT recipients. Immunizations against common bacterial and viral pathogens are timed to avoid periods of severe immunosuppression following HSCT when the protective response to vaccination potentially would be decreased. Current recommendations for immunization of HSCT patients include three doses each of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus or diphtheria-tetanus, inactivated polio, conjugated H. influenzae type b, and hepatitis B vaccines at 12, 14, and 24 months after transplantation. The 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine should be administered at 12 and 24 months after HSCT, and the influenza vaccine should be administered prior to HSCT, resumed at least 6 months after transplantation, and con-... 

SMITH, C.M., RODRIGUEZ-BUEY, M., KARLSSON, J., CAMPBELL, M.M., The response of the poplar transcriptome to wounding and subsequent infection by a viral pathogen. New Phytol, 2004,164,123-136. 

Members of the stilbene family which have the C6-C2-C6 structure (Table 1.1), like flavon-oids, are polyphenolic compounds. Stilbenes are phytoalexins, compounds produced by plants in response to attack by fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. Resveratrol is the most common stilbene. It occurs as both the cts and the trans isomers and is present in plant tissues primarily as fra s-resveratrol-3-0-glucoside which is known as piceid and polydatin (Figure 1.14). A family of resveratrol polymers, viniferins, also exists. 

FLEGEL T w and SRnuNYALUCKSANA K (2011), Shrimp molecular responses to viral pathogens . Mar Biotechnol, 13,587-607. 

Although a humoral immune response is the primaiy protection against most viral and some bacterial diseases, protective defense against other pathogens such as HIV, Plasmodium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires a cytotoxic response mediated by CD8+ T-cells (CTL response). Since the introduction of the vaccination concept by Jenner almost 200 yeats ago, only few vaccines have been developed that are able to induce a CTL response. These vaccines are usually attenuated live vaccines that are accompanied by certain risks and are not readily available for most pathogens. The immense appeal of DNA vaccines can be attributed to a considerable part to the fact that they are able to induce... 

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